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FA1 Immunology > Lecture 2 8/29/23 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 8/29/23 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of memory cells?

A

-rapid recognition
-stronger adaptive response
-long-term protection

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2
Q

How does the immune system determine which type of memory cell will persist following an infection?

A

-whichever type of adaptive response worked better, that type of memory cell will persist
-cell-mediated worked better: memory T cells persist
-humoral worked better: memory B cells persist

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3
Q

Why do memory cells of only the best-working type of adaptive response persist following an infection?

A

body can save resources/energy by only stimulating this type of response during next exposure instead of both responses

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4
Q

How can pathogens bypass physical barriers?

A

-skin abrasions
-having large #s that overcome barrier
-burns
-mosquito/tick bites
-vitamin and/or mineral deficiency

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5
Q

What cells are produced via the myeloid pathway?

A

-erythrocytes
-platelets
-granulocytes
-macrophages/monocytes

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6
Q

What cells are produced via the lymphoid pathway?

A

-NK cells
-innate lymphoid cells
-adaptive immune response cells

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7
Q

What cells fall under the granulocyte category?

A

-neutrophils
-mast cells
-basophils
-eosinophils
-macrophages

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of granulocytes?

A

-most common WBC
-contain enzymes and granules in cytoplasm

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9
Q

Which granulocyte is the most abundant?

A

neutrophils (40-60%)

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of neutrophils?

A

-phagocytic cells that attack and destroy
-move rapidly but lack stamina
-can cause collateral damage
-rapidly mobilized

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11
Q

How do neutrophils kill?

A

-hydrogen peroxide
-hypochlorite ions
-bactericidal granules
-lactoferrin
-enzymes

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12
Q

How can neutrophils be identified microscopically?

A

they have irregular, sausage-like/segmented nuclei

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13
Q

How do neutrophils behave in the bloodstream?

A

-normally circulate and bounce off vessel walls
-vessel walls become “sticky” in inflamed tissues and neutrophils stick to them

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14
Q

What is the role of selectins?

A

to slow down neutrophils as they roll along vessels

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15
Q

Which selectin is present on neutrophils?

A

L-selectin

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16
Q

Which selectin is present on vessel walls?

A

P-selectin

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17
Q

What is the role of integrins?

A

cause neutrophil to strongly adhere to vessel walls

18
Q

Which integrin is present on neutrophils?

A

LFA-1

19
Q

Which integrin is present on vessel walls?

A

ICAM-1

20
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

the movement of neutrophils through a vessel wall and into inflamed tissues

21
Q

What are the stages of phagocytosis?

A

-phagosome
-phagolysosome
-intracellular destruction

22
Q

What is a phagosome?

A

stage that occurs when the cell membrane fuses around a microorganism

23
Q

What is a phagolysosome?

A

stage that occurs when phagosome fuses with a lysosome (filled with bactericidal granules)

24
Q

How are microorganisms killed in phagocytosis?

A

-hydrogen peroxide
-hypochloride

25
Q

What happens if a microorganism is too large for a neutrophil to phagocytose?

A

they will deploy netosis

26
Q

What is netosis?

A

-release of a neutrophil extracellular trap
-trap is formed from sticky DNA containing antibacterial molecules
-net captures and kills microorganisms

27
Q

When are mast cells present?

A

-parasitic infections
-allergies

28
Q

When are basophils present?

A

-tick infestations
-allergies

29
Q

When are eosinophils present?

A

-worm infestations
-allergies

30
Q

What are the characteristics of macrophages?

A

-move slowly but are more powerful phagocytes
-kill bacteria that defeat neutrophils
-located in tissues and blood stream

31
Q

What other names are used for macrophages?

A

-microglia (brain)
-Kupffer cells (liver)
-histiocytes (liver)
-monocytes (blood)
-alveolar macrophages (lungs)

32
Q

What can monocytes differentiate into?

A

-macrophages
-dendritic cells

33
Q

What is the role of M1 macrophages?

A

phagocytize microbes and initiate immune response

34
Q

What is the role of M2 macrophages?

A

remove dead and dying cells and repair tissues as fast as possible

35
Q

Which macrophages differentiate in M1 macrophages?

A

M0 macrophages

36
Q

Which macrophages differentiate into M2 macrophages?

A

M0 and M1 macrophages

37
Q

How do macrophages kill?

A

-nitric oxide
-reactive oxygen intermediates

38
Q

What makes innate lymphoid cells “innate?”

A

-present at all times
-do not need to be induced
-activated through monoclonal receptors
-functional/available before T cell generation
-not specific
-do not form memory

39
Q

How do natural killer cells kill?

A

-perforin
-granzymes

40
Q

What are the characteristics of natural killer cells?

A

-first line of defense
-do not require activation
-no memory
-not specific

41
Q

What cells are targeted by NK cells?

A

-cells with changes in cell surface proteins (associated w/ damage)
-tumor cells and virus-infected cells

FA1 Immunology (24 decks)

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