Lecture 2 8/29/23 Flashcards by Danika Boltz

What are the functions of memory cells?

-rapid recognition
-stronger adaptive response
-long-term protection

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How does the immune system determine which type of memory cell will persist following an infection?

-whichever type of adaptive response worked better, that type of memory cell will persist
-cell-mediated worked better: memory T cells persist
-humoral worked better: memory B cells persist

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Why do memory cells of only the best-working type of adaptive response persist following an infection?

body can save resources/energy by only stimulating this type of response during next exposure instead of both responses

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How can pathogens bypass physical barriers?

-skin abrasions
-having large #s that overcome barrier
-burns
-mosquito/tick bites
-vitamin and/or mineral deficiency

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What cells are produced via the myeloid pathway?

-erythrocytes
-platelets
-granulocytes
-macrophages/monocytes

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What cells are produced via the lymphoid pathway?

-NK cells
-innate lymphoid cells
-adaptive immune response cells

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What cells fall under the granulocyte category?

-neutrophils
-mast cells
-basophils
-eosinophils
-macrophages

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What are the characteristics of granulocytes?

-most common WBC
-contain enzymes and granules in cytoplasm

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Which granulocyte is the most abundant?

neutrophils (40-60%)

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What are the characteristics of neutrophils?

-phagocytic cells that attack and destroy
-move rapidly but lack stamina
-can cause collateral damage
-rapidly mobilized

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How do neutrophils kill?

-hydrogen peroxide
-hypochlorite ions
-bactericidal granules
-lactoferrin
-enzymes

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How can neutrophils be identified microscopically?

they have irregular, sausage-like/segmented nuclei

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How do neutrophils behave in the bloodstream?

-normally circulate and bounce off vessel walls
-vessel walls become “sticky” in inflamed tissues and neutrophils stick to them

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What is the role of selectins?

to slow down neutrophils as they roll along vessels

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Which selectin is present on neutrophils?

L-selectin

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Which selectin is present on vessel walls?

P-selectin

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What is the role of integrins?

cause neutrophil to strongly adhere to vessel walls

Which integrin is present on neutrophils?

LFA-1

Which integrin is present on vessel walls?

ICAM-1

What is diapedesis?

the movement of neutrophils through a vessel wall and into inflamed tissues

What are the stages of phagocytosis?

-phagosome
-phagolysosome
-intracellular destruction

What is a phagosome?

stage that occurs when the cell membrane fuses around a microorganism

What is a phagolysosome?

stage that occurs when phagosome fuses with a lysosome (filled with bactericidal granules)

How are microorganisms killed in phagocytosis?

-hydrogen peroxide
-hypochloride

What happens if a microorganism is too large for a neutrophil to phagocytose?

they will deploy netosis

What is netosis?

-release of a neutrophil extracellular trap -trap is formed from sticky DNA containing antibacterial molecules -net captures and kills microorganisms

When are mast cells present?

-parasitic infections -allergies

When are basophils present?

-tick infestations -allergies

When are eosinophils present?

-worm infestations -allergies

What are the characteristics of macrophages?

-move slowly but are more powerful phagocytes -kill bacteria that defeat neutrophils -located in tissues and blood stream

What other names are used for macrophages?

-microglia (brain) -Kupffer cells (liver) -histiocytes (liver) -monocytes (blood) -alveolar macrophages (lungs)

What can monocytes differentiate into?

-macrophages -dendritic cells

What is the role of M1 macrophages?

phagocytize microbes and initiate immune response

What is the role of M2 macrophages?

remove dead and dying cells and repair tissues as fast as possible

Which macrophages differentiate in M1 macrophages?

M0 macrophages

Which macrophages differentiate into M2 macrophages?

M0 and M1 macrophages

How do macrophages kill?

-nitric oxide -reactive oxygen intermediates

What makes innate lymphoid cells "innate?"

-present at all times -do not need to be induced -activated through monoclonal receptors -functional/available before T cell generation -not specific -do not form memory

How do natural killer cells kill?

-perforin -granzymes

What are the characteristics of natural killer cells?

-first line of defense -do not require activation -no memory -not specific

What cells are targeted by NK cells?

-cells with changes in cell surface proteins (associated w/ damage) -tumor cells and virus-infected cells