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Anatomy and Physiology > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of the skin and its accessory structures including the hair, nails, and glands

A

Integumentary System

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2
Q

Exterior covering of the body

A

Skin

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3
Q

Weight of skin

A

6 pounds in the average adult

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4
Q

Coverage of skin

A

More than 3000 square inches

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5
Q

Largest organ of the body

A

Skin

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6
Q

Skin is supplied with

A

Blood vessels

Nerves

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7
Q

Functions of the skin

A 
Protection
Prevents dehydration
Regulates body temp
Provides sensation
Blood reservoir
Excretion
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8
Q

Three major regions of the skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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9
Q

Outermost superficial region

A

Epidermis

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10
Q

Middle region

A

Dermis

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11
Q

Superficial fascia

Deepest region

A

Hypodermis

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12
Q

Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, consisting of four distinct cell types and four or five layers

A

Epidermis

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13
Q

Cell types include

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Merkel cells
Langerhan’s cells

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14
Q

Function of the epidermis

A

Protection from external environment

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15
Q

Produce the fibrous protein keratin

A

Keratinocytes

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16
Q

Produce the brown pigment melanin

A

Melanocytes

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17
Q

Epidermal macrophages that help activate the immune system

A

Langerhan’s cells

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18
Q

Function as touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings

A

Merkel cells

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19
Q

Layers of the epithelium

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

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20
Q

Outermost layer of keratinized cells

Accounts for three quarters of the epidermal thickness

A

Stratum Corneum

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21
Q

Another name for stratum corneum

A

Horny Layer

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22
Q

Functions of the stratum corneum:

A 
Waterproofing
Protection
Rendering the body insensitive
20-30 cell layers thick
40lbs shed in a lifetime
Too far from blood vessels
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23
Q

Between stratum granulosum and corneum

Consists of a few rows of flat, dead keratonicytes or are in the process of dying

A

Stratum Lucidum

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24
Q

Another name for stratum lucidum

A

Clear layer

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25
Q

Stratum lucidum is present on in thick skin such as:

A

Palms of hands
Fingertips
Soles of feet

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26
Q

Thin, 3-5 cell layers in which drastic changes in keratinocyte appearance occurs

A

Stratum granulosum

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27
Q

Another name for stratum granulosum

A

Granular layer

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28
Q

Produce keratin and squamous cells flatten as they are pushed upward

A

Keratinocytes

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29
Q

Accumulate in the cells of the stratum granulosum

A

Keratohyaline

Lamellated granules

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30
Q

Cells contain weblike system of intermediate filaments attached to desmosomes
Keratinocytes shrink but desmosomes hold in place

A

Stratum spinosum

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31
Q

Another name for stratum spinosum

A

Prickly layer

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32
Q

Cells abundant in th stratum spinosum

A

Melanin granules

Langerhan’s cells

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33
Q

Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to the dermis

Consists of a single row of the youngest keratinocytes

A

Stratum Basale

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34
Q

Another name for stratum basale

A

Basal layer

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35
Q

Alternate name from stratum basale because cells undergo rapid division

A

Stratum germinativum

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36
Q

Cells found in stratum basale

A

Melanin

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37
Q

Beneath the epidermis and is composed of connective tissue

A

Dermis

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38
Q

The dermis contains

A 
Lymphatics
Nerves
Nerve endings
Blood vessels
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Elastic fibers
Hair follicles
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39
Q

Cell types of the dermis

A

Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Mast cells
White blood cells

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40
Q

Role of dermis

A

Temperature regulation

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41
Q

Two layers of the dermis

A

Papillary

Reticular

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42
Q

Arranged into microscopic structures that form ridges

These are the finger and footprints

A

Papillary layer

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43
Q

Beneath the papillary layer

It is a white fibrous tissue that supports the blood vessels

A

Reticular Layer

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44
Q

Superior surface of the papillary layer that contains peglike projections called

A

Dermal papillae

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45
Q

Dermal papillae contain

A

Capillary loops
Meissner’s corpuscles
Free nerve endings

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46
Q

Reticular layer accounts for

A

80% of the skin thickness

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47
Q

Add strength and resiliency to the skin

A

Collagen fibers

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48
Q

Provide stretch-recoil properties

A

Elastin fibers

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49
Q

Composed of adipose and connective tissue

Supports, nourishes, insulates, and cushions the skin

A

Subcutaneous tissue

or hypodermis

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50
Q

Another name for hypodermis

A

Superficial fascia

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51
Q

Three pigments that contribute to skin color

A

Melanin
Carotene
Hemoglobin

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52
Q

Yellow to reddish-brown to black pigment, responsible for dark skin colors

A

Melanin

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53
Q

Result from local accumulations of melanin

A

Freckles

Pigmented moles

54
Q

Yellow to orange pigment, most obvious in the palms and soles of the feet

55
Q

Reddish pigment responsible for the pinkish hue of the skin

A

Hemoglobin

56
Q

The only pigment produced in the skin

57
Q

Greek for black

58
Q

1 M1M1M2M2

A

Black Skin

59
Q

2 M1M1M2m2

A

Dark Brown Skin

60
Q

3 M1M1m2m2

A

Brown Skin

61
Q

4 M1m1m2m2

A

Light Brown Skin

62
Q

5 m1m1m2m2

A

White Skin

63
Q

Pigments which affects skin color

A 
Cyanosis
Erythema
Pallor or blanching
Jaundice
Bronzing
Hematoma
64
Q

Bluish hue to the skin due to heart failure or respiratory disease

65
Q

Reddish hue to the skin due to blushing, fever, hypertension, polycythemia

66
Q

Pale skin hue due to emotional stress (fear, anger), anemia, or hypotension

A

Pallor or blanching

67
Q

Yellow hue to the skin due to liver disorder

68
Q

Skin condition due to Addison’s disease (adrenal cortex of the kidney hypofunctions)

A

Bronzing of the skin

69
Q

Bruises

Blood leaks out of capillaries due to trauma and clots under the skin

70
Q

Derieved from epidermis but extend into dermis

A

Skin appendages

71
Q

Skin appendages include

A

Hair and hair follicles
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Nails

72
Q

Of hard keratin
Corresponds to hooves and claws
Grows from nail matrix

73
Q

Begins several millimeters into the finger and extends the edge of the white, crescent-shaped lunula

A

Nail root

aka germinal bed or nailbed

74
Q

Growth of nail occurs

A

Approximately 1mm per week

75
Q

The under-surface of the nail plate has

A

Grooves that help ancher it

76
Q

Cuticle of the nail

A

Eponychium

77
Q

Fuses the nail plate and the skin of the finger together to form a waterproof barrier

A

Eponychium

78
Q

Under the free edge of the nail

Creates waterproof barrier, fusing the skin of the finger to the underside of the nail plate

A

Hyponychium

79
Q

Simply those that have curled down or around and are growing into the skin
Become swollen and inflamed

A

Ingrown nails

80
Q

Derived from epidermis and dermis

Everywhere but palms, soles, nipples, parts of genitalia

A

Hair and hair follicles

81
Q

Threadlike structure formed by a group of cells that develop within a hair follicle or socket

82
Q

Muscle attached to the side of each follicle
Stimulated by skin irritants, emotional arousal, or cold temperatures, and reacts by contracting
Causes goose flesh or pimples

83
Q

Bulb enclosing a loop of capillaries
Provide nourishment to the hair
Responsible for hair growth

A

Hair papilla

84
Q

Cover the hair shaft like shingles on a roof, protecting it from the elements and chemicals, and from losing moisture

A

Transparent cuticle

85
Q

Provides most of the hair’s weight
Contains melanin
When cuticle is destroyed and this is exposed, hair looks dull and dry

86
Q

Inner hollow core that runs the length of the shaft

87
Q

Parts of the hair

A

Roots

Shaft

88
Q

Make up of hair

A

Hard keratin

89
Q

Three concentric layers of the hair

A

Medulla
Cortex
Cuticle

90
Q

Functions of the hair

A 
Detect insects before they bite
Prevents heat loss
UV protection
Protects against trauma
Hair appearance
91
Q

Types or hair

A

Vellus (shorter)
Intermediate hair
Terminal (longer, courser)

92
Q

Hair growth (2mm/week)

A

Active
Resting phase
Controlled

93
Q 
Thinning - age related
Pattern baldness (alopecia)
94
Q

Hair color influence by:

A

Melanin
Hormones
Environment

95
Q

Two kinds of melanin

A

Eumelanin

Pheomelanin

96
Q

Colors hair brown to black

Has an iron-rich pigment

97
Q

Colors it yellow-blonde to red

A

Pheomelanin

98
Q

Oil glands

Have tiny ducts that open into each hair follicle

A

Sebaceous glands

99
Q

Sebaceous glands secretes

100
Q

Function of sebum

A

Lubricates hair and skin

101
Q

The amount of secretion varies with

A

Age
Puberty
Pregnancy

102
Q

Occurs when duct is blocked by accumulated sebum and staphylococcus infection begins

103
Q

When whitehead is oxidized and dries out

104
Q

Sweat glands
About 2 million are distributed over the surface of the body, more numerous on the palm of the hands, soles of the feet, forehead, and axillae or udnerarms

A

Sudoriferous Glands

105
Q

Entire skin surface ecept nipples and part of external genitalia

A

Sweat glands

106
Q

The average person loose how much fluid each day due to sweat

A

1/2 liter of fluid (through sweat)

107
Q

Types of sweat glands

A

Eccrine or merocrine
Apocrine
Modified apocrine

108
Q

Most numerous

Open through pores

A

Eccrine or merocrine

109
Q

Axillary, anal, and genital areas only

Ducts open into hair follicles

110
Q

Examples of modified apocrine glands

A

Ceruminous - secrete earwax

Mammary glands

111
Q

Dermal Structures:

Nerves

A 
Meissner's corpuscles
Merkel's disks
Pacinian corpuscles
Ruffini's corpuscles
Bare nerve endings
112
Q

Light touch

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

Merkel’s disks

113
Q

Deep pressure

A

Pacinian corpuscles

114
Q

Deep pressure and stretch

A

Ruffini’s corpuscles

115
Q

Pain, heat, and cold

A

Bare nerve endings

116
Q

Disorders of the integumentary system

A

Burns
Infections
Skin cancer

117
Q

Catastrophic loss of body fluids
Fatal circulatory shock
Infection

118
Q

Types of burns

A

First degree
Second degree
Third degree

119
Q

Epidermis

Redness (e.g. sunburn)

A

First degree

120
Q

Epidermis and upper dermis

Blister

A

Second degree

121
Q

Full thickness

A

Third degree

122
Q

Over 10% of the body has third degree burns
25% of the body has second degree burns
Third degree burns on face, hands, or feet

A

Critical burns

123
Q

Tumors of the skin

A

Benign

Cancer

124
Q

Associated with UV exposure

A

Skin Cancer

125
Q

Examples of skin cancer

A

Aktinic keratosis
Basal cell
Squamous cell
Melanoma

126
Q

Premalignant

A

Aktinic keratosis

127
Q

Cells of stratum basale

A

Basal cell

128
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Squamous cell

129
Q

Melanocytes

Most dangerous

130
Q

Recognition of melanoma:

A

Assymetry
Border irregularity
Colors
Diameter larger than 6mm

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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