Lecture 3 Part 3 Flashcards
Between plasma membrane and nucleus
Cytoplasm
Three elements of the cytoplasm:
Cytosol
Organelles
Inclusions
Fluid (e.g. water, proteins, salts, sugats)
Cytosol
Specific functions
Organelles
Chemical substances that vary depending on cell type
Inclusions
Examples of chemical substances:
Glycogen
Lipid droplets
Melanin
Glycogen
Liver
Lipid droplets
Fat cells
Melanin
Skin and Hair
The Matrix
Cytoplasm
Little organs
Organelles
Membrane-bound
Membranous
Examples of membranous organelles:
Mitochondria Peroxisomes Lysosomes ER Golgi apparatus
No membrane
Nonmembranous
Examples of nonmembranous organelles:
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Ribosomes
Scaffolding and Highways
Cytoskeleton
Functions of cytoskeleton:
Maintains cell shape
Protects the cell
Enables some cell movement
Intra-cellular transport
Network of protein fibers running throughout the cytoplasm that give a cell its shape and provide a basis for movement
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules
Two intertwined strands of actin protein
Microfilaments
Fibrous proteins supercoiled into thick cables
Intermediate Filaments
Hollow tubes of tubulin
Microtubules
Also called the microtubule organizing center
An area in the cell where microtubules are produced
Centrosomes
Within the cells of animals
Made of nine sets of triplet microtubules
Centrioles
Protein factory
Ribosomes
Function of ribosomes
Make proteins
Can be found alone in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Free ribosomes
Polyribosomes
Attached to the ER
Bound ribosomes
Both house ATP
Both independent but formed symbiotic relationship with other cells
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
The powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
Functions of the mitochondria:
Energy formation
Breaks down food to make ATP
Bound by a double membrane surrounding fluid-filled matrix
Mirochondria
Functions of the mitochondria:
Produces energy
Controls level of water and other materials in the cell
Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
Bounded by two membranes enclosing a fluid-filled stroma that contains enzymes
Chloroplast
Where membranes inside the stroma are organized
Thylakoids
Green pigment that bsorbs solar energy and carbohydrates
Chlorophyll
Have membranes that are made of a lipid bilayer, with proteins
Endomembrane system
The endomembrane system is a system of organelles that work to:
Produce, store, export bio molecules
Degrade harmful substances
Divide the cell into compartments
Transport system
Inside the endomembrane system:
Nuclear envelope Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi apparatus Secretory vesicles Lysosomes
Surrounds nucleus
Made of two layers
Opening allow material to enter and leave nucleus
Nuclear membrane
Manufacturers
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function of the ER:
Internal production and delivery system of the cell
System of membranous channels and saccules (a small sac)
ER
Studded with ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis and processing
Rough ER
Lacks ribosomes
Site of synthesis of phospholipids and packaging of proteins into vesicles
Smooth ER
The shippers
Golgi apparatus
Function of the golgi apparatus
Packages, modifies, and transports materials to different location inside/outside of the cell
Appearance of the golgi apparatus:
Stack of pancakes
Consists of a stack of curved saccules
Golgi apparatus
Encloses digestive enzymes into membranes to form lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
Protein packaging plant
Move materials within and out the cell
Golgi Bodies
The Packages
Vesicles
Functions of the vesicles:
Store, transport, or digest cellular products and waste
Small compartments separated from the cytosol by atleast pne lipid bilayer
Vesicles
Made in golgi apparatus, ER, or from parts of the plasma membrane
Form while taking in or discharging materials
Vesicles
Clean-up crew
Lysosome
Function of the lysosome:
Breakdown food into particles the rest of the cell can use and to destroy old cells
Contain hydrolytic enzymes and are involved in intracellular digestion
Lysosome
Outer membrane of the cell that controls movement in and out of the cell
Double layer
Plasma Membrane
