Lecture 1 Flashcards
The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Anatomy
Three types of anatomy
Gross or macroscopic
Microscopic
Developmental
The study of the function of the body’s structural machinery
Physiology
All structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)
Regional
Gross anatomy of the body studied by system
Systemic
Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
Surface
Three types or gross anatomy
Regional
Systemic
Surface
Two types of microscopic anatomy
Cytology
Histology
Study of the cell
Cytology
Study of tissues
Histology
Traces structural changes throughout life
Developmental anatomy
The study of developmental changes of the body before birth
Embryology
Considers the operation of specific organ systems
Physiology
Focuses on the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level
Physiology
Kidney function
Renal
Workings of the nervous system
Neurophysiology
Operation of the heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular
Principle of Complementary
Structure dictates function
Levels of structural organization
Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
Atoms combines to form molecules
Chemical
Cells are made of nucleus
Cellular
Consists of similar types of cells
Tissue
Made up of different types of tissues
Organ
Consists of different organs that work closely together
Organ System
Made up of organ systems
Organismal
Organ Systems
Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive
Necessary life functions
Maintenance of boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth
Survival Needs
Nutrients Oxygen Water Normal Body Temperature Atmospheric Pressure
Ability to maintain a relative stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
Homeostasis
The internal environment of the body is in
A dynamic state of equilibrium
Factors that interact to maintain homeostasis
Chemical
Thermal
Neural
Involve continuous monitoring and regulation of many factors (variables)
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Accomplish the communication via nerve impulses and hormones
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Components of a Control Mechanism
Receptor
Control Center
Effector
Monitors the environment
Receptor
Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
Control Center
Receives output from control center
Effector
Control Mechanism
Input Receptor Stimulus Output Response
The response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus
Negative Feedback
A nervous mechanism
Regulation of body temperature
An endocrine mechanism
Regulation of blood volume by ADH
The response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
Positive Feedback
May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
Positive Feedback
Infrequent events usually controlled by positive feedback
Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin
Platelet plug formation and blood clotting
Disturbance of Homeostasis
Homeostatic Imbalance
Disturbance of homeostasis results to:
Increase risk of disease
Contributes to changes associated with aging
May allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over
Anatomical Position
BSFT
Toward the head or upper part
Superior (Cranial)
Toward the lower part
Inferior (caudal)
Toward or at the front of the body
Ventral (anterior)
Toward or at the back of the body
Dorsal (posterior)
Toward or at the midline of the body
Medial
Away from the midline of the body
Lateral
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Intermediate
Closer to the original of the body part
Proximal
Farther from the origin of the body part
Distal
Toward or at the body surface
Superficial (external)
Away from the body surface
Deep (internal)
Main part of the body:
Head, neck, and trunk
Axial
Limbs attached to axis
Appendicular
Types of Planes
Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse
Oblique
Divides into right/left
Sagittal Plane
Divides into anterior/posterior
Frontal Plane
Divides into superior/inferior
Transverse Plane
Body Cavities
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Dorsal body cavity:
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
Ventral body cavity:
Thoracic
Abdominopelvic
Thoracic:
Lungs
Heart
Trachea
Esophagus
Abdominopelvic:
Digestive
Reproductive
Urinary
Lines ventral body cavity and outer surfaces of organs
Serosa
Lines cavity wall
Parietal serosa
Folds in
Covers organs in cavity
Visceral serosa
Lubricates space between membranes
Serous fluid
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
RUQ
LUQ
RLQ
LLQ
Abdominopelvic Regions
Right hypochondriac Epigastric Left hypochondriac Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac
