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Anatomy and Physiology > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

A

The cell cycle

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2
Q

Two halves of the cell cycle

A

Interphase

M phase

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3
Q

Period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

A

Interphase

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4
Q

Period of time when mitosis and cell division occurs

A

M phase

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5
Q

Interphase Steps

A 
Cell grows in size
Organelles replicated
Replication of DNA
Synthesis of proteins (with DNA)
Synthesis of proteins (with mitosis)
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6
Q

Parts of Interphase

A

G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase

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7
Q

Growing
Synthesize proteins
Doing their jobs
Longest phase

A

G1 phase

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8
Q

Chromosomes replicated

Key proteins are made

A

S phase

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9
Q

Shortest phase of interphase
Production of molecules for cell division
Check-up phase before mitosis

A

G2 phase

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10
Q

Conditions that must be satisfies before a cell will grow and divide:

A

Presence of growth factors
Anchorage to the substratum
Changes in cell contacts

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11
Q

When the preconditions for dividing is not met,

A

Cell will be delayed in the G1 phase

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12
Q

Phase where the cell spends a variable length of time after M phase

A

G1 phase

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13
Q

Move through the cell cycle in a regulated way

A

Normal cells

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14
Q

Used to decide whether to proceed with cell division or not

A

Information about their internal state

Cuea from the environment

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15
Q

Makes sure that cells don’t divide under unfavorable condition

A

Regulation

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16
Q

Non-dividing, differentiated state

A

G0 phase

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17
Q

Most human cells in G0 phase

A

Liver cells
Nerve cells
Muscle cells

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18
Q

In G0, but can be called back to cell cycle by external cues

A

Liver cells

19
Q

Highly specialized

Arrested in G0 and can never divide

A

Nerve cells

Muscle cells

20
Q

Cells temporarily or reversible stopped dividing and to have entered in a state of quiescence

A

G0 phase

21
Q

Cells that have permanently stopped dividing due toage or accumulated DNA damage are said to be senescent

A

G0 phase

22
Q

Failure of cell division control

Unrestrained, uncontrolled cell growth

A

Cancer

23
Q

What control is lost?

A

Lose checkpoint stops

P53

24
Q

Plays a key role in G1/S restriction point

A

Gene p53

25
Q

Halts dell division if it detects damaged DNA

A

P53 protein

26
Q

Options of p53 protein:

A

Stimutes repair enzymes to fix DNA
Forces cell into G0 resting stage
Keeps cell in G1 arrest
Causes apoptosis of damaged cell

27
Q

Cancer develops only after a cell experiences

A

~6 key mutations (“hits”)

28
Q

Development of cancel

A 
Unlimited growth
Ignore checkpointa
Escape apoptosis
Immortality
Promotes blood cessel growth
Overcome anchor dependence
29
Q

Turn on growth promoter genes

A

Unlimited growth

30
Q

Turn off tumor suppressor genes (p53)

A

Ignore checkpoints

31
Q

Turn off suicide genes

A

Escape apoptosis

32
Q

Turn on chromosome maintenance genes

A

Immortality

33
Q

Turn on blood vessel growth rates

A

Promote blood vessel growth

34
Q

Turn off touch-sensor gene

A

Overcome anchor and density dependence

35
Q

The chromose are in an extendee form and seen as chromatin in the electron microscope
The nucleus is visible

A

Mitosis - Interphase

36
Q

A complex of DNA and proteins in the cell nucleus that condenses to form chromosomesduring cell division

A

Chromatin

37
Q

Condensed Chromatin

The same stuff but different form

A

Chromosomes

38
Q

Replicated to form an identical copy of itself during the cell cycle (before cell division)

A

Chromosomes

39
Q

Two identical copies of a chromosome

A

Sister chromatids

40
Q

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

A

Centromere

41
Q

2 major processes of mitotic cell division

A

Karyokinesis

Cytokinesis

42
Q

Nuclear division

Preserves diploid number of chromosomes

A

Karyokinesis

43
Q

Cytoplasmic division

Cell divide into two daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

44
Q

4 sub-phases of Mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase and Cytokinesis

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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