Lecture 9 Flashcards
What is the function of the olfactory nerve?
smell
Which cranial nerve is responsible for vision?
optic
What is the main function of the oculomotor nerve?
- eye movement
- eye accommodation
Which cranial nerve is responsible for motor to superior oblique muscle?
trochlear
What are the functions of the trigeminal nerve?
- general sensation from face
- motor to muscles of mastication
Which cranial nerve is responsible for movement to lateral rectus muscle?
abducens
Which cranial nerve is responsible for anterior 2/3 of tongue and stimulate lacrimal glands and 2/3 of salivary glands?
facial
What is the main function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
hearing and balance
Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste in posterior tongue, localized general sensation of pharynx, and stimulate 1/3 of salivary glands?
glossopharyngeal
What are the main functions of the vagus nerve?
- general sensation in larynx and upper esophagus
- motor innervation to striated muscles of palate, larynx, pharynx, and upper esophagus
Which cranial nerve is responsible for trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles?
accessory
Which cranial nerve is responsible for motor movement of tongue muscles?
hypoglossal
The vasculature anatomically divides the head and neck into internal and external regions. What does the internal region consist of?
- brain
- cranial meninges
- inner table of skull
The vertebral arteries ascend from which arteries and supply the internal region?
subclavian
The brain receives O2 rich blood from which two arteries? and how to these arteries communicate with each other?
- internal carotid and vertebral arteries
- circle of willis
The carotid sheath is a fascial sheath through which 3 things pass vertically through the neck?
- carotid artery
- internal jugular vein
- vagus nerve
The carotid bifurcation is site of which two important sense organs? Which nerve do the sensory innervation of the organs travel through?
- carotid body and carotid sinus
- travel trough glossopharyngeal nerve
What are the branches of the external carotid artery? (8 branches)
- superficial temporal
- maxillary
- posterior auricular
- occipital
- facial
- lingual
- ascending pharyngeal
- superior thyroid
Superficial temporal artery also gives off which other artery?
transverse facial artery
What are the 3 parts of the maxillary artery?
mandibular, pterygoid, and peterygopalatine
The maxillary artery passes antero-medially across which fossa?
infratemporal fossa-space between mandible and skeleton of midface
Which fossa contains mastication muscles and branches of V3 nerves?
infratemporal fossa
Where does the internal carotid artery emerge in the skull?
middle cranial fossa
The branches of the internal carotid artery supply which 4 regions?
- eye
- orbit
- forehead
- much of cerebrum
What are the 4 parts of the internal carotid artery?
- Cervical
- Petrous part (travel through petrous part of temporal bone)
- Cavernous part (cavernous sinus)
- Cerebral part
Which two branches form the termination of the internal carotid artery?
-anterior and middle cerebral (larger)
Which branch of the internal carotid supplies the temporal lobe, anterolateral frontal lobe, and parietal lobe?
middle cerebral
Which branch of the internal carotid supplies the medial aspect of the anterior cerebral hemispheres?
anterior cerebral
Which branch of the internal carotid supplies the walls of orbit and structures within orbit as well as skin anterior to orbit (eyelid)?
ophthalmic
Central artery of the retina passes through which nerve?
optic nerve-enters back of eye to reach retina
Why is the central artery of retina important in clinical examinations?
- only arterial vessel the physician can see directly
- true end artery-obstruction will result in complete blindness (no anastomoses)
Where doe the carotid and subclavian systems anastomose?
-cerebral arterial circle (circle of willis)
What are the contributions of the vertebral arteries?
basilar artery which divides into 2 posterior cerebral
What are the branches of the internal carotid?
- anterior cerebral
- middle cerebral
- posterior communicating
- opthalmic
Venous blood returns from head and neck via which veins?
- internal jugular
- external jugular
- vertebral
- inferior thyroid veins
Layers of tissue that surround CNS and contain CSF
meninges
Artery between dura and skull breaks and bleeds into epidural space and create lense-shaped defect in cross section when periosteal dura pushed away from bone
epidural hematoma
Low-pressure bleeding from bridging veins and cross arachnoid space. When torn, blood dissects arachnoid away from dura and ventricles compressed.
subdural hematoma
This hematoma is caused by acceleration/deceleration injuries cause brain to move relative to skull or in elderly patients.
subdural hematoma
Extravasation of blood into subarachnoid space between pia and arachnoid membranes. Blood follows pia layer and appears diffusely through brain.
subarachnoid hemorrhage
This event is caused by trauma or cerebral aneurysm.
Subarachnoid hemorrage
What are the two layers of the dura mater?
outer (perisoteal) and inner (meningeal) layers
Endothelium-lined channels in spaces where layers of dura diverge. Venous blood runs through these channels to drain from brain out of the skull.
Dural venous sinuses
Which the main venous structure in the neck?
internal jugular vein-descends through neck in the carotid sheath
IJV originates as continuation of S-shaped sigmoid sinus and terminates superior to sternoclavicular joint by uniting with subclavian vein to form which vein?
brachiocephalic vein
What is the clinical significance of the IJV?
Used as access location for central line placement
Which muscle overlies IJV and is the main landmark for identifying and accessing vessel?
sternocleidomastoid muscle
Where do most of the lymph nodes gather around?
internal jugular vein
