Lecture 4

Question 1

Which region is formed by 2 innominate bones and sacrum and functions as structural component of both pelvic region and lower limb?

Answer 1

Pelvic girdle

Question 2

What are the 3 apertures created by pelvic ligaments?

Answer 2

• greater sciatic foramen
• lesser sciatic foramen
• obturator canal

Question 3

Greater sciatic foramen is created by which ligament?

Answer 3

sacrospinus

Question 4

Lesser sciatic foramen is created by which two ligaments?

Answer 4

sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments

Question 5

Which foramen transmits pudendal nerve?

Answer 5

lesser sciatic foramen

Question 6

Which aperture is created by obturator membrane?

Answer 6

obturator membrane

Question 7

What are the walls of the pelvic muscles?

Answer 7

piriformis and obturator internus

Question 8

What consists of the floor of pelvic muscles?

Answer 8

levator ani and coccygeus

Question 9

What is the function of the puborectalis part of levator ani?

Answer 9

Forms sling around rectum and relaxes during defecation to increase angle between rectum and anus for “smooth movement”

Question 10

Which membrane is a fascial layer attached to pubic arch and serves as attachment for genitalia and associated muscles?

Answer 10

perineal membrane

Question 11

What are the 3 systems of the pelvic viscera?

Answer 11

• gastrointestinal
• urinary
• reproductive

Question 12

Which organ is continuous with sigmoid colon of hindgut?

Answer 12

rectum

Question 13

Where does the pectinate line mark the transition of the anal canal?

Answer 13

between superior 2/3 of hindgut and inferior 1/3 of body wall (skin)

Question 14

During indifferent stage of development, what are the 2 sets of ducts embryos have?

Answer 14

mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts

Question 15

How do female structures develop in embryo?

Answer 15

When testosterone is absent, mesonephric ducts regress and paramesonephric ducts develop into female structures

Question 16

How do male structures develop in embryo?

Answer 16

Testes secrete mullerian inhibiting substance and testosterone which cause paramesonephric ducts to regress and mesonephric ducts develop into male structures

Question 17

Which ducts are responsible for forming structures in urinary system?

Answer 17

mesonephric ducts

Question 18

What is the pathway of sperm?

Answer 18

SEVEn UP
-seminiferous tubules
-epididymis
-vas (ductus) deferens
-ejaculatory ducts
nothing
-urethra
-penis

Question 19

What are the glands of the male reproductive system?

Answer 19

• seminal vesicles
• prostate
• bulbourethral gland

Question 20

Round ligament in uterus is derivate of what?

Answer 20

gubernaculum

Question 21

What are the corners of the perineum?

Answer 21

pubic symphysis
coccys
ischial tuberosities

Question 22

What are the borders of perineum?

Answer 22

ischiopubic rami

sacrotuberous ligaments

Question 23

What is the ceiling of the perineum?

Answer 23

pelvic diaphragm

Question 24

Male and female identity are identical until which week?

Answer 24

week 7

Question 25

sacral and coccygeal plexus are formed by what nerves?

Answer 25

L4-5, S1-5, coccygeal nerve

Question 26

The pudendal nerve exists pelvis through greater sciatic foramen and re-enters pelvis through lesser sciatic foramen through which space?

Answer 26

pudendal canal

Question 27

The pudendal nerve is derived from which part of spine?

Answer 27

S2, 3, 4

Question 28

What are the major branches of pudendal nerve?

Answer 28

• inferior rectal
• perineal
• dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris

Question 29

Preganglionic parasympathetic innervation functions to what?

Answer 29

• stimulate erection
• modulate mobility in distal GI tract
• relaxation of internal urethral sphincter

Question 30

Postganglionic sympathetic nerves arise largely from where?

Answer 30

pelvic sympathetic trunk

Question 31

What are the functions of the postganglionic sympathetic nerves?

Answer 31

• contraction of smooth muscle in internal urethral sphincter and internal anal sphincter
• smooth muscle contraction in reproductive tract

Question 32

External and internal iliac arteries descend into lower limb as what artery?

Answer 32

femoral artery