Lecture 12 Flashcards
What are the 4 borders of the nasal cavity?
- orbits
- oral cavity
- anterior cranial fossa
- paranasal sinuses
Which bone separates nasal cavities?
vomer bone
What are the two features of the middle meatus?
- semilunar hiatus
- ethmoid bulla
Which cranial nerves innervate the nose?
V1 and V2
What are the 4 pairs of paranasal sinuses?
- frontal
- maxillary
- sphenoid sinuses
- ethmoid air cells
Which sinuses drains via frontonasal duct into semilunar hiatus?
- frontal sinuses
- anterior ethmoid air cells
Which sinus drains via maxillary ostium into semilunar hiatus?
maxillary sinuses
Which sinus drains into spheno-ethmoidal recess?
sphenoid sinuses
Which sinus drains into middle meatus?
middle ethmoid air cells
Which sinus drains into superior meatus?
posterior ethmoid air cells
What are 3 important features of the surface anatomy of the neck?
- sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM)
- thyroid cartilage
- hyoid bone
Which muscle separates anterior and posterior triangle?
SCM
In which compartment of the neck are the major blood vessels found?
carotid sheath
What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?
- SCM
- Inferior border of mandible
- midline of neck
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?
- SCM
- Trapezius
- clavicle
Which two muscles further divide the anterior triangle into smaller triangles?
-digastric and omohyoid muscles
The anterior triangle is further divided into which 4 smaller triangles?
- carotid triangle
- muscular triangle
- submandibular triangle
- submental triangle
Which part of anterior triangle is palpated during a physical exam for the following:
- carotid
- muscular
- submandibular
- submental
- carotid-carotid sheath
- muscular-thyroid gland
- submandibular-submandibular gland and lymph nodes
- submental- lymph nodes
The posterior triangle is further divided into which two triangles?
- occipital triangle
- omoclavicular triangle
Trunks of brachial plexus are found in which triangle?
occipital triangle
The subclavian artery and vein are found in which triangle?
omoclavicular triangle
What are the 4 suprahyoid muscles?
- stylohyoid
- digastric
- mylohyoid
- geniohyoid
What are the 4 infrahyoid (strap) muscles?
- omohyoid
- sternohyoid
- thyrohyoid
- sternothyroid
Which two veins are access points for central venous access lines?
- internal jugular veins
- subclavian veins
What are the 3 divisions of the pharynx?
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
Common passageway for food/liquid and air
pharynx
Where does the pharynx divide into airway and alimentary tract?
laryngopharynx
Mobile muscular layer in roof of oral cavity that attaches anteriorly to hard palate
soft palate
The soft palate is innervated by which cranial nerve?
-CN X
What are the 3 constrictor muscles?
- superior
- middle
- inferior
The pharyngotympanic tube opens into the ____ pharynx and the tube connects pharynx to the _____ ear.
- superior pharynx
- middle ear
- The border for the external ear to middle ear is: _________
- The border for the middle ear to internal ear is: ________
- tympanic membrane
- within the temporal bone
What are the 3 longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
- salpingopharyngeus
- palatopharyngeus
- stylopharyngeus
What are the functions of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
- shorten pharynx
- elevate larynx during swallowing and vocalization
Which structure overlies the pharynx creating a continuous tube?
mucosa
Which region of the laryngopharynx do food pieces get caught?
piriform fossa
Tonsils are collections of what type of tissue?
mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT); adenoids
What are the 4 tonsils?
- pharyngeal
- palatine
- lingual
- tubal tonsils
Motor innervation of pharynx
- branches of X
- glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) innervates stylopharyngeus
Stylopharyngeus is innervated by which nerve?
glossopharyngeal nerve
Sensory innervation of pharynx: naso, oro, laryngo
- V2: nasopharynx
- IX: oropharynx
- X-laryngopharynx (unconscious)
Which muscle elevates uvula and which nerve innervates it?
- musculus uvulae
- CNX
Which arteries supply the pharynx?
-ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, and maxillary arteries (branches of external carotid)
Which veins drain the pharynx?
-pharyngeal venous plexus drains into internal jugular vein
What are the 2 crucial functions of the pharynx?
- food passage: propel bolus through pharynx and UES to esophagus
- airway protection: close larynx and trachea from pharynx to prevent food from entering airway
What is the mechanism for swallowing?
- soft palate elevates
- base of tongue retracts and push bolus against wall
- pharyngeal constrictor muscles contract and squeeze bolus downward
- longitudinal muscles shorten pharynx
What are the 3 main functions of the larynx?
- acts as valve protecting airway during swallowing
- modify air for production of sound during vocalization
- valve to close airway during coughing and straining
What are the 4 cartilages of the larynx?
- thyroid
- cricoid
- arytenoid
- epiglottic
What are the ligaments and membrane of the larynx?
- thyrohyoid membrane
- vocal ligament
- cricothyroid ligament
- cricotracheal ligament
What are the 2 joints of the larynx?
- cricothyroid joint
- cricoarytenoid joint
What are the intrinsic muscles of larynx?
- cricothyroid
- thryarytenoid, vocalis
- posterior crico-arytenoid
- lateral crico-arytenoid
- transverse and oblique arytenoids
The intrinsic muscles are all innervated by ___ nerve and cricothyroid is innervated by which nerve?
- inferior laryngeal nerve
- cricothyroid-external branch of superior laryngeal nerve
Which muscle tenses vocal fold?
cricothyroid
Which muscle shortens/relaxes vocal folds?
thyroarytenoid
Which muscle modifies tension of vocal folds?
vocalis
Which muscle abducts (open) vocal folds?
-posterior crico-arytenoid: abduct
Which muscles adduct (close) vocal folds?
- lateral crico-arytenoid
- transverse arytenoids
- oblique arytenoids
Sensory innervation above and below vocal folds are by which nerves?
above-internal laryngeal nerve
below-inferior/recurrent laryngeal nerve
The larynx receives blood supply from which arteries?
-superior and inferior laryngeal arteries
What is the main purpose of endotracheal intubation?
- maintain airway
- tube passes between vocal folds
During phonation what state are the vocal folds in?
-adducted and vestibule is open
