Lecture 5 Flashcards
horizontal plane motion
rotation:
- internal/external rotation
- pronation/supination
frontal plane motion
deviation from midline or limb axis:
- abduction/adduction
- eversion/inversion
sagittal plane motion
flexion or extension
What is the term for combining horizontal, frontal, and sagittal planes?
circumduction
What comprises the vertebral column?
- cervical (7)
- thoracic (12)
- lumbar (5)
- sacrum (5 fused)
- coccyx (3-4 fused)
What are the two components that make up a vertebra?
vertebral body (anterior) and vertebral arch (posterior)
What are the special features of the cervical vertebrae?
- foramen transversarium-transmit vertebral artery
- atlas and axis
What is a special features of the thoracic vertebrae?
-articular facets and demifacets-articulation with rib heads and tubercles
What is a special feature of the lumbar vertebrae?
large size to transmit weight
What are the shapes of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebral bodies?
Cervical-short in height, curved surface
Thoracic-heart-shaped
Lumbar-cylindrical
Where does bifid spinous processes occur?
Cervical vertebrae
Which two vertebrae type contain triangular foramina?
Cervical and Lumbar
Which vertebra type contain circular foramina?
Thoracic
What is the function of zygapophysial joints?
- synovial joint
- allow/inhibit spinal motion
- connect articular processes
What is the function of intervertebral discs?
- symphyses
- shock absorption
- connect adjacent vertebrae
What are the two components that make of the intervertebral disc?
- anulus fibrosus: ring of fibrocartilage which limit rotation between vertebrae
- nucleus pulposus: gelatinous center which absorb compression forces
What are the 6 spinal ligaments?
- anterior longitudinal ligament
- posterior longitudinal ligament
- supraspinous ligament
- ligamentum nuchae
- interspinous ligaments
What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?
prevent hyperextension of vertebral column
What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
prevent hyperflexion of vertebral column
What is the function of ligamentum flavum?
resist separation of laminae in flexion
What is the function of supraspinous ligament?
connects adjacent vertebral spines
What is the function of ligamentum nuchae?
resist flexion of head
The ligamentum nuchae is a thickened extension of what two ligaments?
supraspinous and interspinous ligaments
What is the function of the interspinous ligament?
blend with supraspinous ligament and ligamentum flava
That are the 3 layers of back musculature?
- superficial (appendicular)
- intermediate (respiratory)
- deep/intrinsic (splenius, erector spinae, and transversospinales)
What are the superficial muscles of the back?
scapula and humerus
What are the functions of the superior and inferior respiratory muscles of the back?
superior-elevate superior ribs
inferior-depress inferior ribs
What nerves innervate the superior and inferior respiratory muscles of the back?
superior-anterior rami of upper thoracic spinal nerve
inferior-anterior rami of lower thoracic spinal nerve
What are the deep muscles of the back?
- erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis)
- transversospinales (semispinalis, multifidus, and rotatores)
Which nerve innervates the erector spinae?
posterior rami of spinal nerves
Where does the spinal cord extend to?
foramen magnum to L1-L2
Which section of the spinal cord supplies the upper extremity?
Cervical (C5-T1)
Which section of the spinal cord supplies the lower extremity?
Lumbosacral (L1-S3)
What is the terminal of the spinal cord called?
conus medullaris
What is the terminal filament attaching to the coccyx called?
filum terminale
What is the extension of lumbar and sacral nerves called?
cauda equina
What are the 3 layers of the spinal meninges?
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
What are the 2 components of the pia mater?
denticulate ligaments-anchor spinal cord to superficial meningeal layers
filum terminale- extension of pia mater that connects spinal cord to coccyx and provide tension to stabilize spinal cord
What are the 2 meningeal spaces?
epidural space-located between periosteum lining vertebral canal and dura mater
subarachnoid space-located between arachnoid mater and pia mater
What structures comprise the cross sectional structure of the spinal cord?
- gray matter (cell bodies)-longitudinal columns and horns
- white matter (axons)- budles/tracts
- sulci/fissures
- central canal
The anterior spinal artery branches from which artery and where does it travel along?
- from convergence of vertebral artery
- travels along anterior median fissure
The posterior spinal artery branches from which artery and where does it travel along?
- branches of posterior inferior cerebellar artery
- travels along posteriolateral sulci
Where do the sensory neurons enter in the gray matter?
dorsal (posterior) gray matter
Where do the motor neurons exit in the gray matter?
ventral (anterior) gray matter
What are spinal nerves comprised of?
one sensory and one motor root
A spinal nerve splits into 2 _____.
rami (anterior/posterior)
-each ramus has both sensory and motor fibers
Posterior rami supply which muscles?
intrinsic back muscles
Which rami supplies majority of the postcranial muscles?
anterior rami (within cervical and lumbosacral enlargements form nerve plexuses that form terminal branches that supply individual muscles or muscle groups)
How many cervical vertebra and cervical spinal nerves are there?
- 7 cervical vertebra
- 8 cervical spinal nerves
Where do spinal nerves pass through in the vertebrae?
intervertebral foramina
Spinal nerves (C1-C7) named for vertebra (above/below) them.
below
Spinal nerves T1 and caudal named for vertebra above/below them.
above
