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HBS > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

horizontal plane motion

A

rotation:

  • internal/external rotation
  • pronation/supination
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2
Q

frontal plane motion

A

deviation from midline or limb axis:

  • abduction/adduction
  • eversion/inversion
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3
Q

sagittal plane motion

A

flexion or extension

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4
Q

What is the term for combining horizontal, frontal, and sagittal planes?

A

circumduction

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5
Q

What comprises the vertebral column?

A
  • cervical (7)
  • thoracic (12)
  • lumbar (5)
  • sacrum (5 fused)
  • coccyx (3-4 fused)
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6
Q

What are the two components that make up a vertebra?

A

vertebral body (anterior) and vertebral arch (posterior)

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7
Q

What are the special features of the cervical vertebrae?

A
  • foramen transversarium-transmit vertebral artery

- atlas and axis

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8
Q

What is a special features of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

-articular facets and demifacets-articulation with rib heads and tubercles

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9
Q

What is a special feature of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

large size to transmit weight

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10
Q

What are the shapes of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebral bodies?

A

Cervical-short in height, curved surface
Thoracic-heart-shaped
Lumbar-cylindrical

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11
Q

Where does bifid spinous processes occur?

A

Cervical vertebrae

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12
Q

Which two vertebrae type contain triangular foramina?

A

Cervical and Lumbar

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13
Q

Which vertebra type contain circular foramina?

A

Thoracic

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14
Q

What is the function of zygapophysial joints?

A
  • synovial joint
  • allow/inhibit spinal motion
  • connect articular processes
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15
Q

What is the function of intervertebral discs?

A
  • symphyses
  • shock absorption
  • connect adjacent vertebrae
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16
Q

What are the two components that make of the intervertebral disc?

A
  • anulus fibrosus: ring of fibrocartilage which limit rotation between vertebrae
  • nucleus pulposus: gelatinous center which absorb compression forces
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17
Q

What are the 6 spinal ligaments?

A
  • anterior longitudinal ligament
  • posterior longitudinal ligament
  • supraspinous ligament
  • ligamentum nuchae
  • interspinous ligaments
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18
Q

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

prevent hyperextension of vertebral column

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19
Q

What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

prevent hyperflexion of vertebral column

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20
Q

What is the function of ligamentum flavum?

A

resist separation of laminae in flexion

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21
Q

What is the function of supraspinous ligament?

A

connects adjacent vertebral spines

22
Q

What is the function of ligamentum nuchae?

A

resist flexion of head

23
Q

The ligamentum nuchae is a thickened extension of what two ligaments?

A

supraspinous and interspinous ligaments

24
Q

What is the function of the interspinous ligament?

A

blend with supraspinous ligament and ligamentum flava

25
Q

That are the 3 layers of back musculature?

A
  • superficial (appendicular)
  • intermediate (respiratory)
  • deep/intrinsic (splenius, erector spinae, and transversospinales)
26
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the back?

A

scapula and humerus

27
Q

What are the functions of the superior and inferior respiratory muscles of the back?

A

superior-elevate superior ribs

inferior-depress inferior ribs

28
Q

What nerves innervate the superior and inferior respiratory muscles of the back?

A

superior-anterior rami of upper thoracic spinal nerve

inferior-anterior rami of lower thoracic spinal nerve

29
Q

What are the deep muscles of the back?

A
  • erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis)

- transversospinales (semispinalis, multifidus, and rotatores)

30
Q

Which nerve innervates the erector spinae?

A

posterior rami of spinal nerves

31
Q

Where does the spinal cord extend to?

A

foramen magnum to L1-L2

32
Q

Which section of the spinal cord supplies the upper extremity?

A

Cervical (C5-T1)

33
Q

Which section of the spinal cord supplies the lower extremity?

A

Lumbosacral (L1-S3)

34
Q

What is the terminal of the spinal cord called?

A

conus medullaris

35
Q

What is the terminal filament attaching to the coccyx called?

A

filum terminale

36
Q

What is the extension of lumbar and sacral nerves called?

A

cauda equina

37
Q

What are the 3 layers of the spinal meninges?

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
38
Q

What are the 2 components of the pia mater?

A

denticulate ligaments-anchor spinal cord to superficial meningeal layers
filum terminale- extension of pia mater that connects spinal cord to coccyx and provide tension to stabilize spinal cord

39
Q

What are the 2 meningeal spaces?

A

epidural space-located between periosteum lining vertebral canal and dura mater
subarachnoid space-located between arachnoid mater and pia mater

40
Q

What structures comprise the cross sectional structure of the spinal cord?

A
  • gray matter (cell bodies)-longitudinal columns and horns
  • white matter (axons)- budles/tracts
  • sulci/fissures
  • central canal
41
Q

The anterior spinal artery branches from which artery and where does it travel along?

A
  • from convergence of vertebral artery

- travels along anterior median fissure

42
Q

The posterior spinal artery branches from which artery and where does it travel along?

A
  • branches of posterior inferior cerebellar artery

- travels along posteriolateral sulci

43
Q

Where do the sensory neurons enter in the gray matter?

A

dorsal (posterior) gray matter

44
Q

Where do the motor neurons exit in the gray matter?

A

ventral (anterior) gray matter

45
Q

What are spinal nerves comprised of?

A

one sensory and one motor root

46
Q

A spinal nerve splits into 2 _____.

A

rami (anterior/posterior)

-each ramus has both sensory and motor fibers

47
Q

Posterior rami supply which muscles?

A

intrinsic back muscles

48
Q

Which rami supplies majority of the postcranial muscles?

A

anterior rami (within cervical and lumbosacral enlargements form nerve plexuses that form terminal branches that supply individual muscles or muscle groups)

49
Q

How many cervical vertebra and cervical spinal nerves are there?

A
  • 7 cervical vertebra

- 8 cervical spinal nerves

50
Q

Where do spinal nerves pass through in the vertebrae?

A

intervertebral foramina

51
Q

Spinal nerves (C1-C7) named for vertebra (above/below) them.

A

below

52
Q

Spinal nerves T1 and caudal named for vertebra above/below them.

A

above

HBS (13 decks)

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