Introduction Flashcards
What are the four main features of the anatomical position?
- standing upright
- feet flat on floor
- arms at sides
- palms, face, and eyes facing forward
What are the 3 anatomical planes of section?
- Horizontal/Axial/Transverse
- Coronal/Frontal
- Sagittal
How does the transverse plane of section divide the body?
divides body into superior and inferior parts
How does the coronal plane of section divide the body?
anterior and posterior sections
How does the sagittal plane of section divide the body?
divides body into left and right sections
position descriptor: superior/inferior
above or below
position descriptor: anterior/posterior
in front or behind
position descriptor: medial/lateral
closer to or farther from midline
position descriptor: proximal/distal
closer to or farther from joint or point of origin
position descriptor: superficial/deep
closer to or farther from external surface
position descriptor: ipsilateral/contralateral
to the same side or opposite side
position descriptor: supine/prone
in anatomical position or flipped 180° in horizontal plane of section
position descriptor: rostral (cranial)/caudal
closer to nose/head or closer to tail
position descriptor: dorsal/plantar
top or bottom of foot (sole)
position descriptor: dorsal/palmar (volar)
back or palm of hand
position descriptor: thenar/hypothenar
closer to 1st thumb or to 5th digit
What are the main functions of the Integumentary System?
- protection of internal structures
- temperature regulation (homeostasis)
- somatosensation
- storage of water, fat, glucose, and vitamin D
What are the key structures of the Integumentary System?
skin, hair, and nails
What are the main functions of the skeletal system?
- biomechanical levers to facilitate movement
- protection of vital organs
- mineral storage
- hematopoeisis
What are the key structures of the skeletal system?
bones, cartilage, and joints/associated connective tissue
What are two defining features of synovial joints?
- articular cavity separates skeletal elements
- bones covered by hyaline cartilage
What is the defining feature of solid joints?
skeletal components held together by connective tissue and there is no articular cavity
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
sutures-linked by sutural ligament
gomphosis- linked by periodontal ligament
syndesmosis- linked by ligament
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
synchondrosis- ossification centers separated by cartilage
symphysis-separate bones linked by cartilage
What are the main functions of the muscular system?
- movement and posture
- respiration
- cardiac function
- visceral function
What are the key structures of the muscular system?
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle
What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?
circulate blood throughout the body
What are the key structures of the cardiovascular system?
heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)
What are the main functions of the lymphatic system?
- circulation of interstitial fluid
- aid in digestion
- immune function
What are they key structures of the Lymphatic system?
-lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic trunks and ducts, and specialized lymphoid organs
What are the main functions of the nervous system?
- somatic-conscious sensation and motor
- visceral-monitoring and innervating viscera
What are the key structures of the Nervous System?
- Central nervous system-brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral nervous system- cranial and spinal nerves
What are the main functions of the respiratory system?
provide oxygen to tissues and vocalization
What are the key structures of the respiratory system?
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and accessory muscles
What are the main functions of the digestive system?
- break down food
- absorb nutrients
- excrete solid waste
What are the key structures of the digestive system?
GI tract and accessory organs
What is the main function of the urinary/excretory system?
filter blood and excrete urine
What are the key structures of the urinary/excretory system?
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
What are the main functions of the female reproductive system?
- oocyte production
- hormone production
- gestation
- sexual function
What are the key structures of the female reproductive system?
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and cervix, vagina, and external genitalia
What are the main functions of the male reproductive system?
- sperm production
- hormone production
- fertilization
- sexual functions
What are the key structures of the male reproductive system?
testes, sperm pathway structures, accessory glands, external genitalia
What are the main functions of the endocrine system?
- secrete hormones into circulatory system
- closely interrelated with other organ systems
What are the key structures of the endocrine system?
hypothalamus and pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes/ovaries
