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Developmental psych > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the difference between sex and gender?

A

Sex: Assigned at birth (physical components) (AFAB or AMAB)
Gender Identity: Psychological and social construct. Person’s feelings behind femine masculine and androgeny.
Intersex: Doesn’t fall in the biological def of male or female

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2
Q

How do children develop gender identity?
(social cognitive learning theory)

A

Children learn gender roles the same way they learn other social behaviours.
Renforced through:
1. Parents
2. Teachers
3. Peers
4. Toys
5. Media

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3
Q

How do parents react to gender?

A
  • rewarding gender-congruous (norm)
  • behaviours and discouraging gender-incongruous
    behaviours (abnormal)
  • tolerate agression more in boys than girls
  • use more emotion words with girls
  • Different expectations for helping others
  • Parents choose same gender playmates
  • Modle behaviour
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4
Q

Fathers and gender

A

Fathers tend to:
* Encourage gender-related play more
* Push sons more
* Accept dependence more from daughters
* Respond to children based on gender stereotypes

Parents gender doesn’t matter as long as they have two parents

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5
Q

How do teachers effect gender

A
  • They make it saliant in the classroom (important)
  • They interact with boys more than girls
  • Use different language and methodes of corection
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6
Q

Peers influence on gender

A
  • Boys have more presure to be masculine than girls do to be feminine
  • Children start reinforcing gender role norms as early as
    3 years old
  • During preschool, children start showing a preference
    for playing with their own gender (found accross cultures, happens spontaniously).
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7
Q

What is self selection

A

Kids gravitate towards people that are similar to them (gender is a part of identity plays a role in who they hang out with)

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8
Q

Boy vs girl diff in play

A
  • Girls use enabling languague: open, involving others, questions, helping piers get involved
  • Girls = prosocial dominance - turn taking in speaking, teach younger children.
  • Constricting language: competition, exsageration, threatening
  • Egoistic dominance: competivie, needing to be right, less helpful for group cohession
  • These styles clash and end up renforse gender role steriotypes leading to the homophily
    amplification hypothesis
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9
Q

Talk to me about the gender segregation cycle

A
  1. kids start hanging out with same gender (naturaly)
  2. Increase gender steriotypes fewer + attitudes about gendre more - atitudes about gender
  3. Reduced ability to interct with that other gender
  4. same gender play
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10
Q

How can adults reduce steriotypical play styles

A
  • Encouraging mixed-gender play can decrease stereotypical gender play styles
  • Parents’ gender stereotypes influence how children play
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11
Q

Influence of toys on boys and girls

A
  • Toys are marketed differently for girls and boys
  • There is evidence that playing with dolls promotes being
    caring and nurturing. Additionally, some dolls promote a
    focus on appearance and sexualization
  • There is evidence for violent video games increasing
    aggressive behavior, aggressive thinking, decreases in
    helping others, and decreases in empathy for both boys
    and girls
  • Gender plays a huge role in this difference
  • Toys aimed at boys: boys and girls on package
  • Toys aimed at girls dont have boys.
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12
Q

Talk about media and gender

A
  • TV data from 2014-2015 showed that mainstream
    shows underrepresent women and characters of color
  • Progress has been made in showing women in more diverse careers, but men are not as readily depicted in traditionally feminine roles
  • TV tends to reinforce the heterosexual script, reflects themes of sexual double standards, courtship behavior (men initiate and women respond), and commitment (men avoid, women seek)
    Children who watch more TV tend to have more stereotyped views of gender roles
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13
Q

What are instrumental traits and expresssive traits

A

Instrumental traits: Confidence being assertive (tradtionaly men)
Expressive traits: nurturing caring…
Adrogenous= not conforming with male or female steriotypes=higher well being
more pressure for gender conformity for boys

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14
Q

How to raise a kid in a more gender nuteral way

A
  • Practice egalitarian gender roles at home
  • Avoid highly gendered language
  • Have conversations around gender roles and stereotypes with children
  • Avoid basing decisions for their child around gender when it’s not necessary
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15
Q

What is transgender? What is cisgender?

A

Transgender: a gender identity that is different from the one assigned at birth
* Cisgender: a gender identity that is the same as the on
assigned at birth

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16
Q

How early do transgender children begin realizing that they’re trans?

A

Can be as early as 3-5 years old often comes up around puberty

17
Q

How to support a trans kid?

A
  • Often, this means supporting a child who is exploring
    social transitioning (changing their name, pronouns,
    clothing, hair, etc)
  • Sometimes, this may also mean supporting a child with
    gender-affirming healthcare
  • In childhood, this does not mean surgeries! The vast
    majority of people are not advocating for surgeries on
    minors. Rather…
  • …Puberty blockers can be the recommendation for
    transgender and nonbinary youth who are exploring their gender identity
18
Q

What are puberty blockers

A
  • Puberty blockers temporarily suppress testosterone- and estrogen-driven puberty, and the effects are reversible. This can buy a child some more time as they build a better understanding of their gender identity.
  • Puberty blockers have been used for decades in
    children of all genders experiencing precocious puberty! It’s not new and it’s not just for transgender kids.
  • Helps with gender dysphoria
  • Side effects: decrease in bone density (perscribe calcium supplements)
19
Q

What is the Cass Review (2024)

A
  • Dr. Hillary Cass released a large review of studies on gender affirming care for transgender youth
  • Cass’ methodology was flawed. She weighted the studies down that supported trans afirming healthcare
  • She focused on including double-blind studies
    (meaning a placebo group vs. an HRT group…otherwise known as conversion therapy).
20
Q

Meta analysis

A

quantifies the results of a group of studies more objectively. Effect sizes (the amount of variance in X accounted for by Y) are calculated, and moderators can be identified and evaluated.

21
Q

What is effect size

A
  • Effect size tells you how meaningful the
    relationship between two variables is
  • It’s easier to find significant results with a larger
    sample size. But an effect size is calculated
    independent of the sample size, making it a more
    objective statistical number when thinking about
    the meaning of results
22
Q

Hyde

A

In 2005, Hyde published a paper reviewing 46
different sex-comparison meta-analyses that were
written in the 80s and 90s during this meta-analysis
boom

23
Q

Physical development

A

Boys: larger stronger (gross motor)
Girls: fine motor skills

  • Biology (smaller effect size): differences in fat
    vs. muscle distribution for strength-based
    activities
  • Experience and socialization (larger effect size)
    for everything else
24
Q

Spatial ability and math skills

A

ex. knowing derections playing tetrus, packing suitcase
Gender difference depends on task not really any difference in math skils
- girls typicaly view math more “-“
- SES effects this

25
Q

verbal skills

A

girls better at reading and writting
girls tend to talk earlier
SES effects this
Effects van be skewed

26
Q

social/emotional
development

A

Empathy: no difference across genders
People are more woried about how they appear based on gender roles

  • Most people go to women for support.
  • Prosocial behaviour: Women score higher
  • Aggressive behaviour:Men higher for physical agression
    Girl are pysicaly agressive when provocted
27
Q

Gender stereotypes

A

How different genders are different based on how an individual present themselves or intrests

There are steriotypes for both :
Masculine gender role: independence extroveresion confidence
* Feminine gender role: caring creative emotion kindness excitable

28
Q

Learning stereotypes

A

By 18 months old, infants look longer at
gender-stereotyped toys
* By 2 years old, infants look longer at gender-
stereotyped actions performed by the
opposite gender
* By 4 years old, children know many gender
stereotypes when asked
* These beliefs are then reinforced and
strengthened as they enter elementary school

29
Q

Why dont we like gender steriotypes and what effects them?

A

They hold limitations.

  1. Age: more flexible with age
  2. Gender: girls are more open
  3. Social class: middle class more flexible then poor enviroment - power

Developmental psych (13 decks)

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