Lecture 5 Flashcards
What are Jean pigets core theoretical ideas?
- Children are “little scientists”
- Assimilation
- Accommodation
- Equilibriation
- Schema development &
radical reorganization
Describe the sensorimotor stage
- Age 0-2
- Children are using sensations and motor skills to test the world around them
- As they grow they test the world in more complex ways
What are the milestones in the sensorimotor stage?
8 months: object permanence
18 months: using symbolism
Describe what happens in stage 2 (the preoperational stage):
- 2 to 7 years old
- Child uses symbols to represent objects and events (maps, language,gestures, more complex pretend play)
- Play pretend use imagination
- Children are ego centric
What are the milstones of the preoperational stage?
- Conservation
- Reversibility
- Centering
- Identity constancy
- Animism
What is the theory of mind?
What is the difference between assimulation and accomadation
Assimulation: The incorperation of new information into an exsisting schema
Accomadation: modifying exsisting schema based on experiences
What happens during pretend play
- use of imagination, rough and tumbling at times
What happens during the concrete
operational stage?
- 7 to 11 years old
- child canuse mental operations to reason or solve problems
- By this point, many children have mastered reversibility
and can reverse mental operations - Can reason more concretely and conceptually, but still
not abstractly yet - Shift from pre-operational thinking into more adult-like
thought processes
What happens in Stage 4, the formal operational stage?
- Age 11+
- Children and adolescents are able to reason
more abstractly and hypothetically, and they’re
able to use deductive reasoning - Deductive reasoning
- By adolescence, teens are now able to mesh
deductive reasoning with possibilities; they’re
not limited to what they’re seeing and can
understand hypothetical alternatives
What does Vygotsky: sociocultural perspective intail?
oChildren’s cognitive development happens within the context of
their culture.
1. A child’s culture determines which cognitive activities are valued and
how they’re valued
2. A child’s culture provides the tools that shape the way they think
3. Cultural practices help children organize their knowledge and
communicate it to others
oIntersubjectivity.
oGuided participation
What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
What is scaffolding?
What is private speech?
How does cognition improve with age?
According to information processing theory:
1. Children develop new and better
strategies
2. More effective executive functioning
3. Increased automatic processing
4. Processing speed generally increases
2024 child development 21
What features of memory are present in the first 2-3 months of life (early memory)?
- An infant can remember a past event
- Over time, they can no longer remember the
event - A cue can help them remember a forgotten
memory
* In the first few months, infants can remember an
event for a week or two. By 18 months, infants can
remember an event for 3 months
* Increases in memory capacity over the first few
years are reflective of physical brain development
over that span of time
What are the two many factors that help produce memory development?
- Better strategies for remembering
* As young as 14 months using chunking
* Around 7-8 using rehearsal
* A little older using organization - Increasing factual knowledge about the world
What is metamemory?
Between ages 6-13, they are able to think about their memory strategies,
realize that memory isn’t perfect, and figure out better ways of
remembering things
What is metacognition?
Between ages 6-10, children begin understanding that there are certain
thought processes they need to use to be successful in school
* They can start engaging in cognitive self-regulation
Why might children fail at problem solving?
Inability to plan ahead
* They don’t remember everything necessary to
solve the problem
* They don’t have all the knowlege they need to
solve the problem
* Lack of level-appropriate assistance from adult
or peer
Reading and writing what helps?
Children who have more exposure to letters and
words learn to read easier than their peers
* Hearing “storybook reading” helps children learn to
read in their first language and in other languages
- Children and young adolescents use a knowledge-telling
strategy for writing
* By middle adolescence, a knowledge-transforming strategy is used
* Learning to write is complex, because it integrates cognitive development, language development, and motor development
learning numbers
hildren of parents who use numbers more when they talk to
the child are more likely to master counting principles
* By 4 months of age, infants can tell one object from two, two
from three, and sometimes three from four
* By 2 years old, children begin to count with mistakes
* By about 4 years old, most children can accurately count to 20 and have encountered simple addition and subtraction
* Most children start by using their fingers to count, then begin counting quietly to themselves, then in their heads
* By age 8 or 9, most single-digit addition and subtraction are done by memory
