Lecture 5

Question 1

What are Jean pigets core theoretical ideas?

Answer 1

1. Children are “little scientists”
2. Assimilation
3. Accommodation
4. Equilibriation
5. Schema development &
   radical reorganization

Question 2

Describe the sensorimotor stage

Answer 2

• Age 0-2
• Children are using sensations and motor skills to test the world around them
• As they grow they test the world in more complex ways

Question 3

What are the milestones in the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 3

8 months: object permanence
18 months: using symbolism

Question 4

Describe what happens in stage 2 (the preoperational stage):

Answer 4

• 2 to 7 years old
• Child uses symbols to represent objects and events (maps, language,gestures, more complex pretend play)
• Play pretend use imagination
• Children are ego centric

Question 5

What are the milstones of the preoperational stage?

Answer 5

• Conservation
• Reversibility
• Centering
• Identity constancy
• Animism

Question 6

What is the theory of mind?

Question 7

What is the difference between assimulation and accomadation

Answer 7

Assimulation: The incorperation of new information into an exsisting schema

Accomadation: modifying exsisting schema based on experiences

Question 8

What happens during pretend play

Answer 8

• use of imagination, rough and tumbling at times

Question 9

What happens during the concrete
operational stage?

Answer 9

• 7 to 11 years old
• child canuse mental operations to reason or solve problems
• By this point, many children have mastered reversibility
  and can reverse mental operations
• Can reason more concretely and conceptually, but still
  not abstractly yet
• Shift from pre-operational thinking into more adult-like
  thought processes

Question 10

What happens in Stage 4, the formal operational stage?

Answer 10

• Age 11+
• Children and adolescents are able to reason
  more abstractly and hypothetically, and they’re
  able to use deductive reasoning
• Deductive reasoning
• By adolescence, teens are now able to mesh
  deductive reasoning with possibilities; they’re
  not limited to what they’re seeing and can
  understand hypothetical alternatives

Question 11

What does Vygotsky: sociocultural perspective intail?

Answer 11

oChildren’s cognitive development happens within the context of
their culture.
1. A child’s culture determines which cognitive activities are valued and
how they’re valued
2. A child’s culture provides the tools that shape the way they think
3. Cultural practices help children organize their knowledge and
communicate it to others
oIntersubjectivity.
oGuided participation

Question 12

What is the Zone of Proximal Development?

Question 13

What is scaffolding?

Question 14

What is private speech?

Question 15

How does cognition improve with age?

Answer 15

According to information processing theory:
1. Children develop new and better
strategies
2. More effective executive functioning
3. Increased automatic processing
4. Processing speed generally increases
2024 child development 21

Question 16

What features of memory are present in the first 2-3 months of life (early memory)?

Answer 16

1. An infant can remember a past event
2. Over time, they can no longer remember the
   event
3. A cue can help them remember a forgotten
   memory
   * In the first few months, infants can remember an
   event for a week or two. By 18 months, infants can
   remember an event for 3 months
   * Increases in memory capacity over the first few
   years are reflective of physical brain development
   over that span of time

Question 17

What are the two many factors that help produce memory development?

Answer 17

1. Better strategies for remembering
   * As young as 14 months using chunking
   * Around 7-8 using rehearsal
   * A little older using organization
2. Increasing factual knowledge about the world

Question 18

What is metamemory?

Answer 18

Between ages 6-13, they are able to think about their memory strategies,
realize that memory isn’t perfect, and figure out better ways of
remembering things

Question 19

What is metacognition?

Answer 19

Between ages 6-10, children begin understanding that there are certain
thought processes they need to use to be successful in school
* They can start engaging in cognitive self-regulation

Question 20

Why might children fail at problem solving?

Answer 20

Inability to plan ahead
* They don’t remember everything necessary to
solve the problem
* They don’t have all the knowlege they need to
solve the problem
* Lack of level-appropriate assistance from adult
or peer

Question 21

Reading and writing what helps?

Answer 21

Children who have more exposure to letters and
words learn to read easier than their peers
* Hearing “storybook reading” helps children learn to
read in their first language and in other languages
- Children and young adolescents use a knowledge-telling
strategy for writing
* By middle adolescence, a knowledge-transforming strategy is used
* Learning to write is complex, because it integrates cognitive development, language development, and motor development

Question 22

learning numbers

Answer 22

hildren of parents who use numbers more when they talk to
the child are more likely to master counting principles
* By 4 months of age, infants can tell one object from two, two
from three, and sometimes three from four
* By 2 years old, children begin to count with mistakes
* By about 4 years old, most children can accurately count to 20 and have encountered simple addition and subtraction
* Most children start by using their fingers to count, then begin counting quietly to themselves, then in their heads
* By age 8 or 9, most single-digit addition and subtraction are done by memory