Lecture 6 Flashcards
What is phonology?
Phonology is the study of the patterns of sounds in a language and across languagues
What is morphology?
The study of the forms of words.
morphemes = smallest meningful unit (prefix or suffixes)
What are semantics?
the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meanin
What is syntax?
Syntax is the part of linguistics that studies the structure and formation of sentences.
ex: SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT > The cat climbs the tree.
What is pragmatics
pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning.
At what age can infants distinguish phonemes from eachother?
AS early as a month
At what age can an infant can an infant distinguish between phonemes that exist in one language and don’t exist in another
6-8 months
At what age do babies stop being able
to distinguish the phonemes that don’t exist in their
language?
10-12 months
if they are learning two languages they can still distinguish the phonemes between them
What is babling and when does it happen?
between 6 to 12 months
they start repeting the phonemes of the
language(s) they’re learning
How do infants tell the dfference betweeen words?
- They begin to pick up on sound patterns that
are repeated - They pick up on how words are stressed in
their language - They pay more attention to words that are at
the beginning or end of sentences - They start to understand the general phonemes
of their language - They start to be able to identify words that
break up sentences, such as “a” and “the”
Baby cooing refers to single-vowel sounds, such as “ooh” and “aah,” whereas babbling includes consonant sounds, like “muh-muh” and “bah-bah.
How do symbols imact an infants ability to learn to talk
Language is really a complex set of symbols
* Infants learn words and gestures at the same rate
* Sometimes infants learn gestures first, and toddlers
who are more advanced with using gestures have
more complex spoken language a few years later
What age does the naming explosion happenn and what is it?
- 18 months, but can hapen as early as 14 m or late as 22
- -children can learn up to eight new words a day.
- understanding that all things have names, and they start to speed up the naming process.
What is fast maping?
- quick process that occurs in a child’s brain and conect it with an understanding of the word or concept
how do children
learn new words?
- Joint attention: two people paying attention to the same thing, intentionally and for social reasons.
- Sentence cues: hints of how to continue a sentence (pictures snack to rember s sound)
- Cognitive factors: memory attention awarness``
What is Underextension and overextension?
Underextension: child ses a word for one particular thing and fails to include exverything the word covers ( ex. cat is only your pet- nothing else is cat)
Overextension: child uses word for too much (ex. dog includes all 4 leged furry animals)
What affects learning words?
- (Small effect) heritability
- Phonological memory: ability to remember individual sounds in words.
- Language environment
When do children learn more?
- When Parents use different words and higher-level
grammar - When parents respond quickly
- When parents’ responses are appropriate
- When children ptactice naming objects during everyday situations
- Reading together using storybook reading
what percent of the world lives in a multilingual enviroment?
50%
Good: vocabularies combined are larger
* They reach milestones at about the same time as monolingual children
* They surpass monolingual children on other language skills
- better at switching between tasks
- better at inhibiting inappropriate responses
-better working memory
Bad: at first a lil bit confused and mixed up
What is a a telagraphic sentence and when do we hear them?
They use a couple basic grammatical
rules
* Agent + action, ex. “dog run!”
* Action + object, ex. “give juice!”
* Possessor + possession, ex. “my
toy!”
- Short
- 18months
grammatical morphemes What is it and when do children learn?
- Age 3
A morpheme is : - A word or part of a word that has meaning.
- cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of its meaning or without meaningless remainders.
- recurs in differing word environments with a relatively stable meaning.
How do children learn grammar? (behaviour theory)
imitate adults
How do children learn grammar?
(Nativist theory)
How do children learn grammar?
(cognitive theory)
children are cognitively wired to
scan their environment for patterns
How do children learn grammar?
(social interaections theory)
children master grammar in
the context of social relationships, and children strive
to communicate with adults in their environment (and
vice versa
What are the three rules for communiation?
- People take turns speaking
- The speaker should relate to the topic and
be understandable to the listener - The listener should pay attention and tell the
speaker if something doesn’t make sense
Turn talking what is expected at age two and three?
By about age 2, children start to take turns
with adult speakers on their own
* By about age 3, children know that if they say
something, the other person “should”
respond. If the person doesn’t respond, they’ll
say what they’ve said again
At what age do children begain to intentionaly comunicate
10 months
What milstone can children acoplish by age 4 (speaking)?
children already know to
tailor their communication to the listene
By the time a child reaches kindergarten, they:
- Speak differently to peers compared to adults
- Speak differently to listeners who know less about a topic
- Are able to code switch between dialects depending on
who the listener is
listening milstones:
By about 3 years old, children are better at responding
on topic to a speaker
* By about 4 years old, children begin to ask the speaker
to clarify if they don’t understand what was said
* By about 7 or 8 years old, children can examine the
credibility of the speaker and determine how much
they should believe what is being said
Is sign language learned in a different way then verbal?
Not realy - same steps
signs can be acquired faster than speech
Whats the deal with cochlear implants?
Deaf children who get cochlear implants acquire spoken
language at about the same rate as hearing children
* Cochlear implants may help more or less depending on the
individual situation
* Cochlear implants are controversial in the Deaf community
