Lecture 6

Question 1

what are the 5 parts of a language?

Answer 1

1. Phonology
2. Morphology
3. Semantics
4. Syntax
5. Pragmatics

Question 2

What is phonology?

Answer 2

Phonology is the study of the patterns of sounds in a language and across languagues

Question 3

What is morphology?

Answer 3

The study of the forms of words.
morphemes = smallest meningful unit (prefix or suffixes)

Question 4

What are semantics?

Answer 4

the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meanin

Question 5

What is syntax?

Answer 5

Syntax is the part of linguistics that studies the structure and formation of sentences.
ex: SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT > The cat climbs the tree.

Question 6

What is pragmatics

Answer 6

pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning.

Question 7

At what age can infants distinguish phonemes from eachother?

Answer 7

AS early as a month

Question 8

At what age can an infant can an infant distinguish between phonemes that exist in one language and don’t exist in another

Answer 8

6-8 months

Question 9

At what age do babies stop being able
to distinguish the phonemes that don’t exist in their
language?

Answer 9

10-12 months

if they are learning two languages they can still distinguish the phonemes between them

Question 10

What is babling and when does it happen?

Answer 10

between 6 to 12 months
they start repeting the phonemes of the
language(s) they’re learning

Question 11

How do infants tell the dfference betweeen words?

Answer 11

• They begin to pick up on sound patterns that
  are repeated
• They pick up on how words are stressed in
  their language
• They pay more attention to words that are at
  the beginning or end of sentences
• They start to understand the general phonemes
  of their language
• They start to be able to identify words that
  break up sentences, such as “a” and “the”

Question 12

Difference between cooing and babling

Answer 12

Baby cooing refers to single-vowel sounds, such as “ooh” and “aah,” whereas babbling includes consonant sounds, like “muh-muh” and “bah-bah.

Question 13

How do symbols imact an infants ability to learn to talk

Answer 13

Language is really a complex set of symbols
* Infants learn words and gestures at the same rate
* Sometimes infants learn gestures first, and toddlers
who are more advanced with using gestures have
more complex spoken language a few years later

Question 14

What age does the naming explosion happenn and what is it?

Answer 14

• 18 months, but can hapen as early as 14 m or late as 22
• -children can learn up to eight new words a day.
• understanding that all things have names, and they start to speed up the naming process.

Question 15

What is fast maping?

Answer 15

• quick process that occurs in a child’s brain and conect it with an understanding of the word or concept

Question 16

how do children
learn new words?

Answer 16

1. Joint attention: two people paying attention to the same thing, intentionally and for social reasons.
2. Sentence cues: hints of how to continue a sentence (pictures snack to rember s sound)
3. Cognitive factors: memory attention awarness``

Question 17

What is Underextension and overextension?

Answer 17

Underextension: child ses a word for one particular thing and fails to include exverything the word covers ( ex. cat is only your pet- nothing else is cat)

Overextension: child uses word for too much (ex. dog includes all 4 leged furry animals)

Question 18

What affects learning words?

Answer 18

1. (Small effect) heritability
2. Phonological memory: ability to remember individual sounds in words.
3. Language environment

Question 19

When do children learn more?

Answer 19

• When Parents use different words and higher-level
  grammar
• When parents respond quickly
• When parents’ responses are appropriate
• When children ptactice naming objects during everyday situations
• Reading together using storybook reading

Question 20

what percent of the world lives in a multilingual enviroment?

Answer 20

50%

Question 21

advantages and disidvantages of bilingualism

Answer 21

Good: vocabularies combined are larger
* They reach milestones at about the same time as monolingual children
* They surpass monolingual children on other language skills
- better at switching between tasks
- better at inhibiting inappropriate responses
-better working memory

Bad: at first a lil bit confused and mixed up

Question 22

What is a a telagraphic sentence and when do we hear them?

Answer 22

They use a couple basic grammatical
rules
* Agent + action, ex. “dog run!”
* Action + object, ex. “give juice!”
* Possessor + possession, ex. “my
toy!”
- Short
- 18months

Question 23

grammatical morphemes What is it and when do children learn?

Answer 23

• Age 3
  A morpheme is :
• A word or part of a word that has meaning.
• cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of its meaning or without meaningless remainders.
• recurs in differing word environments with a relatively stable meaning.

Question 24

How do children learn grammar? (behaviour theory)

Answer 24

imitate adults

Question 25

How do children learn grammar?
(Nativist theory)

Question 26

How do children learn grammar?
(cognitive theory)

Answer 26

children are cognitively wired to
scan their environment for patterns

Question 27

How do children learn grammar?
(social interaections theory)

Answer 27

children master grammar in
the context of social relationships, and children strive
to communicate with adults in their environment (and
vice versa

Question 28

What are the three rules for communiation?

Answer 28

1. People take turns speaking
2. The speaker should relate to the topic and
   be understandable to the listener
3. The listener should pay attention and tell the
   speaker if something doesn’t make sense

Question 29

Turn talking what is expected at age two and three?

Answer 29

By about age 2, children start to take turns
with adult speakers on their own
* By about age 3, children know that if they say
something, the other person “should”
respond. If the person doesn’t respond, they’ll
say what they’ve said again

Question 30

At what age do children begain to intentionaly comunicate

Answer 30

10 months

Question 31

What milstone can children acoplish by age 4 (speaking)?

Answer 31

children already know to
tailor their communication to the listene

Question 32

By the time a child reaches kindergarten, they:

Answer 32

• Speak differently to peers compared to adults
• Speak differently to listeners who know less about a topic
• Are able to code switch between dialects depending on
  who the listener is

Question 33

listening milstones:

Answer 33

By about 3 years old, children are better at responding
on topic to a speaker
* By about 4 years old, children begin to ask the speaker
to clarify if they don’t understand what was said
* By about 7 or 8 years old, children can examine the
credibility of the speaker and determine how much
they should believe what is being said

Question 34

Is sign language learned in a different way then verbal?

Answer 34

Not realy - same steps
signs can be acquired faster than speech

Question 35

Whats the deal with cochlear implants?

Answer 35

Deaf children who get cochlear implants acquire spoken
language at about the same rate as hearing children
* Cochlear implants may help more or less depending on the
individual situation
* Cochlear implants are controversial in the Deaf community