Lecture 1 Flashcards
What are the 5 domains of development?
Physical: the way the brain body and senses growth
Motor: control over body movement
Social/Emotional: relationships/understand others emotions and behaviour as well as our own and self concepts
Cognitive: how a person thinks, reason and understands the world around them
What is the diffrence between gross and fine motor skills?
Gross:large muscle movements: sitting, crawling, walking, or running.
Fine:Involve use of smaller muscles, such as grasping, object manipulation, or drawing.
Plato’s views
Innate knowledge
(428-347 bce)
Aristotle’s views
knowledge is rooted in experience. Learn through senses
(384-322 BCE)
What was John Locke’s view on development and when did he live?
John Locke lived in the age of enlightenment and he belived an infant was a tabula rasa or blank slate. He belived that experience molds children into unique individuals. Parents must teach
Like aristotle
1632-1704
Jean Jack Rousseau
newborns have an inate sense of justice and morality. Parents should be responsive and recptive of childs needs
(shared plato’s views)
1712-1778
Industrial revolution impact on child development
As soon as kids didnt need constannt adult care they were considered adults. Kids started to work at 5-7 years old. Reformers tried to distiguish children from adults.
Charles darwin theory of evolution and developmemt
Age related change in human behaviour coincoded with Darwin’s theory of evolutionery change
Theorist!
G stanley hall
1844-1924
Theorires of child development based on evolution. Age trends… Founded scientific journal for child development
1st president of the american psycholigical assosiation
Alfred binet
(1857-1911)
developed 1st mental tests
Theorist
Sigmund freud
1856-1939
Psychoanalytic Theory (early
experiences are important!)
*Major contributions: stuff
that happens in
childhood is important, the unconsc
ious shapes our thoughts & behaviors
*Major oversight: he
thought development ends
after childhood, amongst
other generally disregarded things
Theorist!
John B Watson
1878-1958
Founder of behaviourlism
importance of reward and punishment
lil albert
early learning theorist
based off classical conditioning (ie pavlov)
Major contributions: applied
Locke’s “tabula rasa” theory to
child development, expanded on
conditioning
*Major oversight: didn’t account
much for the “nature” side of the
debate
Biological perspective
intelect personality and pysical motor skils are rooted in biology
maturational theory: What is it and who proposed it?
A child’s development reflect a spesific prearraged plan in the body. Proposed by Arnold Gesell (1880-1961)
(encouraged parents to let their kuds do their own thing
discarded
Ethological theory
adaptive traits have survival value
- critical to survival value
Critical period
A time when a specific type of learning takes place before or after the same learning is near impossible
Psychodynamic perspective. Who started it? Whats it about?
Sigmund freud
Development is determined by how well people resolve conflicts at different ages.
- Early experiences are important
- Children experience conflict
between what they want to do and
what they know they should do
id, ego and super ego
id= primitive instincts and drives
ego= mediator
superego= voice of reason
freuds psychosexual stages
oral 0-2
anal 2-3
phallic 3-7 ( notice diff between sexs)
latency (energies are subliminal)
genital
conflicts unresolved at a stage fucks people up
main point? early experiences have enduring effects of development kids have conflicts between what they want and what they should do
Erik Erikson
(1902-1994)
psychosocial theory: personality developes in stages that are from maturation and society. Each stage is defined by a chalenge.
Majour contribution: He also thought we could develop through life.
built off feuds idea
learning theorists who are they and what do they belive?
They belive that the infant’s mid is a blank slate. John B Watson was the first to apply this theory. He thought anything could be learned by almost anyone.
BF skinner
operant conditioning
the consequense of a behaviour determines if its repeted.
operant conditioning
pairs a behavior with a punishment or a reward
Little albert
Watson
dynamic systems
all of these
domains interact with each
other to impact our
development + development
impacts each domain too
Explain the dynamic systemms of learning to speak
PHYSICAL/MOTOR
o Must have the
strength to form
words with tongue
or with hands
o Vocal cords must
be developed if
using voice
o Fine motor skills
must be developed
enough to move
fingers into shapes
if signing
o Impact example:
a person can
communicate their
SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL
o A person’s
emotions must be
somewhat
regulated to be
able to learn
o Language learning
often happens in
the context of
relationships
o Impact example:
a person can
communicate their
feelings and others
can communicate
their feelings to the person
COGNITIVE
o Must be able to
process
vocabulary,
grammar, and
syntax to some
extent
o Impact example:
a person may now
process their
thoughts in the
form of language
2024 child development
ENVIRONMENT
o Does the person
have people around
them to speak with
them?
o Are the people who
are teaching them to
speak emotionally
regulated?
o What language is
the person learning?
Are they in a context
where they’re
learning multiple
languages?
James Mark Baldwin
(1861-1934)
Set up the first psychology lab in
Canada
*Major contributions: believed
that there should be a balance
between theory and research,
because previous baby studies
done purely through observations
were not theoretically sound and
didn’t help advance theory
Jean Piaget
(1896-1980)
Major theories in cognitive
development (much more on this
later!)
*Major contributions: suggested
that cognitive development happens
in stages, children think differently
than adults, used observation
research
*Major oversight: his stages
stopped at 18, and we know now that
cognitive development keeps going
Urie Bronfenbrenner
(1917-2005)
Sociocultural model
of development
Ecological Systems Theory
Major Contribution: Everything
influences everything,
interactional and intersectional
approach
Still hugely popular today! Much
more on this later
What is the cognitive foundational theory
children’s thought processes develop in a stage-like way
Piaget’s theory of cognitive
development is the best-known theory
in this perspective. Children are “little scientists.
CONTEXTUAL
all human development must be viewed within each person’s unique culture and the overarching systems that impact them
expanded into Bronfenbrenner’s
Ecological Systems theory, which states
that every developing child is part of a series
of complex and interactive systems
Led vygotsky
