Lecture 1 Flashcards by Jaimes Lilly

What are the 5 domains of development?

Physical: the way the brain body and senses growth
Motor: control over body movement
Social/Emotional: relationships/understand others emotions and behaviour as well as our own and self concepts
Cognitive: how a person thinks, reason and understands the world around them

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What is the diffrence between gross and fine motor skills?

Gross:large muscle movements: sitting, crawling, walking, or running.
Fine:Involve use of smaller muscles, such as grasping, object manipulation, or drawing.

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Plato’s views

Innate knowledge

(428-347 bce)

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Aristotle’s views

knowledge is rooted in experience. Learn through senses

(384-322 BCE)

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What was John Locke’s view on development and when did he live?

John Locke lived in the age of enlightenment and he belived an infant was a tabula rasa or blank slate. He belived that experience molds children into unique individuals. Parents must teach
Like aristotle

1632-1704

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Jean Jack Rousseau

newborns have an inate sense of justice and morality. Parents should be responsive and recptive of childs needs
(shared plato’s views)

1712-1778

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Industrial revolution impact on child development

As soon as kids didnt need constannt adult care they were considered adults. Kids started to work at 5-7 years old. Reformers tried to distiguish children from adults.

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Charles darwin theory of evolution and developmemt

Age related change in human behaviour coincoded with Darwin’s theory of evolutionery change

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Theorist!

G stanley hall

1844-1924

Theorires of child development based on evolution. Age trends… Founded scientific journal for child development
1st president of the american psycholigical assosiation

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Alfred binet

(1857-1911)

developed 1st mental tests

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Theorist

Sigmund freud

1856-1939

Psychoanalytic Theory (early
experiences are important!)
*Major contributions: stuff
that happens in
childhood is important, the unconsc
ious shapes our thoughts & behaviors
*Major oversight: he
thought development ends
after childhood, amongst
other generally disregarded things

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Theorist!

John B Watson

1878-1958

Founder of behaviourlism
importance of reward and punishment
lil albert
early learning theorist
based off classical conditioning (ie pavlov)

Major contributions: applied
Locke’s “tabula rasa” theory to
child development, expanded on
conditioning
*Major oversight: didn’t account
much for the “nature” side of the
debate

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Biological perspective

intelect personality and pysical motor skils are rooted in biology

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maturational theory: What is it and who proposed it?

A child’s development reflect a spesific prearraged plan in the body. Proposed by Arnold Gesell (1880-1961)
(encouraged parents to let their kuds do their own thing

discarded

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Ethological theory

adaptive traits have survival value
- critical to survival value

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Critical period

A time when a specific type of learning takes place before or after the same learning is near impossible

Psychodynamic perspective. Who started it? Whats it about?

Sigmund freud
Development is determined by how well people resolve conflicts at different ages.

Early experiences are important
Children experience conflict
between what they want to do and
what they know they should do

id, ego and super ego

id= primitive instincts and drives
ego= mediator
superego= voice of reason

freuds psychosexual stages

oral 0-2
anal 2-3
phallic 3-7 ( notice diff between sexs)
latency (energies are subliminal)
genital

conflicts unresolved at a stage fucks people up

main point? early experiences have enduring effects of development kids have conflicts between what they want and what they should do

Erik Erikson

(1902-1994)

psychosocial theory: personality developes in stages that are from maturation and society. Each stage is defined by a chalenge.
Majour contribution: He also thought we could develop through life.
built off feuds idea

learning theorists who are they and what do they belive?

They belive that the infant’s mid is a blank slate. John B Watson was the first to apply this theory. He thought anything could be learned by almost anyone.

BF skinner

operant conditioning
the consequense of a behaviour determines if its repeted.

operant conditioning

pairs a behavior with a punishment or a reward

Little albert

Watson

dynamic systems

all of these domains interact with each other to impact our development + development impacts each domain too

Explain the dynamic systemms of learning to speak

PHYSICAL/MOTOR o Must have the strength to form words with tongue or with hands o Vocal cords must be developed if using voice o Fine motor skills must be developed enough to move fingers into shapes if signing o Impact example: a person can communicate their SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL o A person’s emotions must be somewhat regulated to be able to learn o Language learning often happens in the context of relationships o Impact example: a person can communicate their feelings and others can communicate their feelings to the person COGNITIVE o Must be able to process vocabulary, grammar, and syntax to some extent o Impact example: a person may now process their thoughts in the form of language 2024 child development ENVIRONMENT o Does the person have people around them to speak with them? o Are the people who are teaching them to speak emotionally regulated? o What language is the person learning? Are they in a context where they’re learning multiple languages?

James Mark Baldwin (1861-1934)

Set up the first psychology lab in Canada *Major contributions: believed that there should be a balance between theory and research, because previous baby studies done purely through observations were not theoretically sound and didn’t help advance theory

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

Major theories in cognitive development (much more on this later!) *Major contributions: suggested that cognitive development happens in stages, children think differently than adults, used observation research *Major oversight: his stages stopped at 18, and we know now that cognitive development keeps going

Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005)

Sociocultural model of development Ecological Systems Theory Major Contribution: Everything influences everything, interactional and intersectional approach Still hugely popular today! Much more on this later

What is the cognitive foundational theory

children’s thought processes develop in a stage-like way Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is the best-known theory in this perspective. Children are “little scientists.

CONTEXTUAL

all human development must be viewed within each person’s unique culture and the overarching systems that impact them expanded into Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems theory, which states that every developing child is part of a series of complex and interactive systems Led vygotsky