Final Flashcards
Understand adolescent cognition
*Can reason hypothetically and see how things could be different.
*Egocentrism: Noticing others’ flaws leads to awareness and self consciousness about own flaws, worrying that everyone else is noticing and thinking about what they’re doing wrong
*Imaginary audience: Feeling that everyone is watching, results from self-consciousness/egocentrism
*Personal fable: Their own experiences are unique,
feelings of isolation and invincibility.
*Illusion of invulnerability: the belief that
misfortune only happens to others.
What are Erikson’s adolescent stage?
Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18): Search for self and personal identity. Exploring periode
What is identity formation
Elaboration of Erickon’s stages made by James Marcia
*Identity foreclosure = settling without much searching
*Identity achievement = choosing after searching
*Identity diffusion = not deciding and not searching
*Identity moratorium = not deciding but still searching
prejudice & stereotypes in childhood
2-4 year olds: preference for own group emerges
* 5-7 year olds: preference strengthens and remains strong
* Preschoolers attribute good qualities to their own group and not many bad qualities
* In Elementary school, children begin forming negative views of other groups. Views are more negative if children believe that children from other groups dislike them or think they’re better.
* By 10 or 11, aware of broadly held racial stereotypes
Adolescence: prejudice increases because of exposure search for identity
More prejudice if parents are or if they have no contact with other groups
Piagets stages of moral development
- Premoral (2-4)
- Moral realism (5-7): Belief in immanent justice.
- Moral relativism (8-10): rules can be changed if the
needs of the people using the rules have changed
What is an effect size?
- Effect size tells you how meaningful the relationship between two variables is
- an effect size is calculated independent of the sample size,
Describe the Gender Segregation Cycle
- kids start hanging out with same gender (naturaly)
- Increase gender steriotypes fewer + attitudes about gendre more - atitudes about gender
- Reduced ability to interct with that other gender
- same gender play
Parenting style
- Warmth & responsiveness
- Control (psychological & behavioural)
- Authoritarian (lower self esteem and higher aggression)
- Authoritative (best)
- Permissive (lower impulse control)
- Uninvolved (lower school preformance higher agress)
childhood trauma, and cumulative risk
Physical health - stress reactivity impacted, Trauma disregulates our nervous system. Brain development. Potential for chronic pain.
oEmotional health - dificulty with emotional regulation, numbing, higher vulnerabilty to victumisation
oBehavior - potential for risky behaviour
oCognition - foccusing attention planing ahead and problem solving
oRisk of developing C-PTSD (Complex Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder) looks a lot like adhd - long term ptsd
childcare
Half of kids under 5 spend time in nonparental childcare
Childcare doesn’t have a - effect on child caregiver relationship
High quality childcare= smaller # of children per cargiver, when they have the right training, age appropriant and simulating enviroment, good comunication with parents
When a child can be left home alone?
between 10 and 12 years old
must be mature enough or responsable enough
must be emotionaly ready
envionment must be safe enough
must be taught how to be home alone safly
deal with emergency
rules with what they can or can not do
Trama
When a trauma occurs in a person’s life:
1. There is a power balance that occurs, and often a person feels helpless
2. The situation is seen by the body as a threat
3. The person’s body and mind try to figure out a meaning behind the trauma. This leads to the body developing symptoms to try to protect itself
4. When we’re no longer in danger, the protective methods the body develops doesn’t help us anymore. The body still thinks we’re in danger!
The effects of trauma exposure in childhood can be
long-reaching and can lead to negative outcomes
oPhysical health
oEmotional health
oBehavior
oCognition
Grand parenting styles
- Influential
- Supportive
- Authority-oriented
- Passive
- Detached
Types of maltreatment and risks
- Neglect (most common)
- Physical
- Emotional
- Sexual
Parent qualities
Parental maltreatment history
Stressors, social iso
What are Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
Preconventional: Obedience to authority, rewards and punishments
1.Obedience orentiation: “adults know right and wrong, and people should do what adults say is right to avoid punishment.”
2.Instrumental orientation:Doing something good so that they get something in return.
Conventional: Based on social norms and what is expected by other people
3.Interpersonal norms: trying to win the approval of other people by doing what they think others want them to do.
4.Social system morality: the belief that social roles, expectations, and laws exist for a good reason for the good of all people in the society.
Postconventional: Personal, moral principles
5. Social contract orientation: Laws are in place to benifit society, if they dont then you can stop following the law
6. Universal ethical principles: abstract principles like justice, compassion, and equality sometimes conflict with society’s expectations and laws
Example: stealing the wallet from someone who is harming
others, and using that money to benefit others instead
