Lecture 9 Flashcards
Which of the following is an example of a chemical barrier to infection?
A) Skin
B) Mucosal membranes
C) Defensins
D) Cellular junctions
C) Defensins
Defensins, lysozyme, superoxide radicals, acidic pH, defensins are ? barriers to infection.
Chemical
Ingestion of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species to treat diarrhea is an example of a ?
Probiotic
Which of the following is NOT a change in behavior that can negatively alter microbial composition?
A) use of preterm antibiotics during pregnancy
B) larger family size
C) use of antibacterial soaps
D) reduced breastfeeding
B) larger family size
Which of the following is NOT a health benefit of the microbiota?
A) prevent pathogen colonization
B) synthesize food
C) compete for food sources
D) synthesize antimicrobial compounds
B) synthesize food
The microbiota helps ____ food, not ____ it.
digest; synthesize
The ? speculates that our modern industrialized world is too clean, and we are not getting natural exposure to organisms we use to get early in life.
hygiene hypothesis
Which of the following scenarios does NOT describe a method by which the normal microbiome can cause disease?
A) a cancerous lesion in the colon
B) invasion of tissues through surgical wounds
C) ingestion of food contaminated with an enteric pathogen
D) spread of infection in an individual with complement factor deficiency
C) ingestion of food contaminated with an enteric pathogen
The receptors (TLRs and NLRs) that phagocytes use to bind to foreign antigens are collectively called ?
Pattern Recognition Receptors
Antibodies are a part of _____.
adaptive immunity
What is a characteristic of the skin that influences microbial colonization?
acidic pH
Why would an individual be given a fecal transplant?
The person has a severe gastrointestinal illness that is not responding to antibiotics
What is a possible advantage to phage therapy over antibiotics?
PHAGE EVOLVES, antibiotics do not
What are the barriers separating microbiomes from their host?
Epithelial barrier
Blood-brain barrier
Maternofetal barrier
What is NOT a mechanism used by our microbiome to communicate with host cells?
monitoring host DNA replication
T/F
More than 50 different types of bacteria respond to host neuroendocrine hormones.
True
Which of the following body sites is considered sterile?
a. Urethra
b. Kidney
c. Small intestine
d. Stomach
e. Tonsils
b. Kidney
Bifidobacterium is a common inhabitant of the _____.
a. Skin
b. Oral cavity
c. Lung
d. Intestine
e. Urinary tract
a. Skin
Which of the following factors will influence the types and relative numbers of microbes inhabiting the intestine?
a. Antibiotic usage
b. Types of ingested foods
c. Housemates
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
d. All of the above
The benefits of having a microbiome include which of the following?
a. The production of cytokines by intestinal microbes
b. Interfering with pathogen colonization
c. Stimulation of neuron development
d. All of the above
e. B and C only
f. None of the above
b. Interring with pathogen colonization
An organism that is a part of normal microbiota but can cause infection of an immunocompromised host is called an ______.
Opportunistic
A germ-free animal is also called a ________ animal.
Gnotobiotic
A germ-free animal is characterized by ______.
a. Increased numbers of T cells
b. Diminished brain activity
c. Increased cardiac output
d. Thin intestinal walls
e. Neurtophils that exhibit enhanced phagocytic activity
d. Thin intestinal walls
Endothelial cells are a major part of which barrier?
a. Blood-brain
b. Maternofetal
c. Peyer’s patches
d. All of the above
e. A and B only
f. None of the above
e. A and B only
True or False
Normal microbiota can influence host cell gene expression
True
Our microbiome could be considered an organ system for which of the following reasons?
a. Microbiota contribute to our caloric intake
b. The microbiome is located in specific parts of the body
c. Microbiota and human cells communicated with each other
d. A person’ microbiome can be inherited
e. All of the above
f. None of the above
e. All of the above
Consequence of the use of preterm antibiotics
Reduced vaginal transmission of bacteria
Consequence of reduced breast-feeding
Reduced cutaneous transmission of bacteria and altered immunological environment
Consequence of increased bathing/showering and use of antibacterial soaps
Accelerates change of skin microbiome composition
An individual’s microbiota is in a constant state of ______.
Flux
Antibodies are a part of ________.
adaptive immunity
Which of the following is a conclusion that could be made about the hygiene hypothesis?
the modern world is too clean
What are the barriers separating microbiomes from their host?
Epithelial barrier
Blood-brain barrier
Maternofetal barrier
What is NOT a mechanism used by our microbiome to communicate with host cells?
Monitoring host DNA replication
The receptors (TLR’s and NLR’s) phagocytes use to bind to foreign antigens are collectivey called ____.
A) Antigen Binding Ligands
B) Molecular Associated Pathogen Patterns
C) Pattern Recognition Receptors
D) Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
C) Pattern Recognition Receptors
____ behavior is not associated with molecules, but ____ are associated with pathogens.
Pathogen; molecules
Hygiene consequence of clean water
Reduced fecal transmission of bacteria
Hygiene consequence of caesarean deliveries and preterm antibiotics
Reduced vaginal transmission of bacteria
Hygiene consequence of small family size
Reduced early life transmission of bacteria
Hygiene consequence of increased antibiotic use
Accelerated change of microbiome
Hygiene consequence of mercury dental fillings
Accelerated change of oral microbiome
Risk of microbiome:
Accidental penetration beyond normal sites can cause serious infections
