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SAC Microbiology > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following is an example of a chemical barrier to infection?

A) Skin
B) Mucosal membranes
C) Defensins
D) Cellular junctions

A

C) Defensins

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2
Q

Defensins, lysozyme, superoxide radicals, acidic pH, defensins are ? barriers to infection.

A

Chemical

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3
Q

Ingestion of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species to treat diarrhea is an example of a ?

A

Probiotic

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4
Q

Which of the following is NOT a change in behavior that can negatively alter microbial composition?

A) use of preterm antibiotics during pregnancy
B) larger family size
C) use of antibacterial soaps
D) reduced breastfeeding

A

B) larger family size

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5
Q

Which of the following is NOT a health benefit of the microbiota?

A) prevent pathogen colonization
B) synthesize food
C) compete for food sources
D) synthesize antimicrobial compounds

A

B) synthesize food

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6
Q

The microbiota helps ____ food, not ____ it.

A

digest; synthesize

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7
Q

The ? speculates that our modern industrialized world is too clean, and we are not getting natural exposure to organisms we use to get early in life.

A

hygiene hypothesis

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8
Q

Which of the following scenarios does NOT describe a method by which the normal microbiome can cause disease?

A) a cancerous lesion in the colon
B) invasion of tissues through surgical wounds
C) ingestion of food contaminated with an enteric pathogen
D) spread of infection in an individual with complement factor deficiency

A

C) ingestion of food contaminated with an enteric pathogen

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9
Q

The receptors (TLRs and NLRs) that phagocytes use to bind to foreign antigens are collectively called ?

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors

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10
Q

Antibodies are a part of _____.

A

adaptive immunity

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11
Q

What is a characteristic of the skin that influences microbial colonization?

A

acidic pH

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12
Q

Why would an individual be given a fecal transplant?

A

The person has a severe gastrointestinal illness that is not responding to antibiotics

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13
Q

What is a possible advantage to phage therapy over antibiotics?

A

PHAGE EVOLVES, antibiotics do not

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14
Q

What are the barriers separating microbiomes from their host?

A

Epithelial barrier
Blood-brain barrier
Maternofetal barrier

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15
Q

What is NOT a mechanism used by our microbiome to communicate with host cells?

A

monitoring host DNA replication

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16
Q

T/F

More than 50 different types of bacteria respond to host neuroendocrine hormones.

A

True

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17
Q

Which of the following body sites is considered sterile?

a. Urethra
b. Kidney
c. Small intestine
d. Stomach
e. Tonsils

A

b. Kidney

18
Q

Bifidobacterium is a common inhabitant of the _____.

a. Skin
b. Oral cavity
c. Lung
d. Intestine
e. Urinary tract

A

a. Skin

19
Q

Which of the following factors will influence the types and relative numbers of microbes inhabiting the intestine?

a. Antibiotic usage
b. Types of ingested foods
c. Housemates
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

d. All of the above

20
Q

The benefits of having a microbiome include which of the following?

a. The production of cytokines by intestinal microbes
b. Interfering with pathogen colonization
c. Stimulation of neuron development
d. All of the above
e. B and C only
f. None of the above

A

b. Interring with pathogen colonization

21
Q

An organism that is a part of normal microbiota but can cause infection of an immunocompromised host is called an ______.

A

Opportunistic

22
Q

A germ-free animal is also called a ________ animal.

A

Gnotobiotic

23
Q

A germ-free animal is characterized by ______.

a. Increased numbers of T cells
b. Diminished brain activity
c. Increased cardiac output
d. Thin intestinal walls
e. Neurtophils that exhibit enhanced phagocytic activity

A

d. Thin intestinal walls

24
Q

Endothelial cells are a major part of which barrier?

a. Blood-brain
b. Maternofetal
c. Peyer’s patches
d. All of the above
e. A and B only
f. None of the above

A

e. A and B only

25
Q

True or False

Normal microbiota can influence host cell gene expression

A

True

26
Q

Our microbiome could be considered an organ system for which of the following reasons?

a. Microbiota contribute to our caloric intake
b. The microbiome is located in specific parts of the body
c. Microbiota and human cells communicated with each other
d. A person’ microbiome can be inherited
e. All of the above
f. None of the above

A

e. All of the above

27
Q

Consequence of the use of preterm antibiotics

A

Reduced vaginal transmission of bacteria

28
Q

Consequence of reduced breast-feeding

A

Reduced cutaneous transmission of bacteria and altered immunological environment

29
Q

Consequence of increased bathing/showering and use of antibacterial soaps

A

Accelerates change of skin microbiome composition

30
Q

An individual’s microbiota is in a constant state of ______.

A

Flux

31
Q

Antibodies are a part of ________.

A

adaptive immunity

32
Q

Which of the following is a conclusion that could be made about the hygiene hypothesis?

A

the modern world is too clean

33
Q

What are the barriers separating microbiomes from their host?

A

Epithelial barrier
Blood-brain barrier
Maternofetal barrier

34
Q

What is NOT a mechanism used by our microbiome to communicate with host cells?

A

Monitoring host DNA replication

35
Q

The receptors (TLR’s and NLR’s) phagocytes use to bind to foreign antigens are collectivey called ____.

A) Antigen Binding Ligands
B) Molecular Associated Pathogen Patterns
C) Pattern Recognition Receptors
D) Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

A

C) Pattern Recognition Receptors

36
Q

____ behavior is not associated with molecules, but ____ are associated with pathogens.

A

Pathogen; molecules

37
Q

Hygiene consequence of clean water

A

Reduced fecal transmission of bacteria

38
Q

Hygiene consequence of caesarean deliveries and preterm antibiotics

A

Reduced vaginal transmission of bacteria

39
Q

Hygiene consequence of small family size

A

Reduced early life transmission of bacteria

40
Q

Hygiene consequence of increased antibiotic use

A

Accelerated change of microbiome

41
Q

Hygiene consequence of mercury dental fillings

A

Accelerated change of oral microbiome

42
Q

Risk of microbiome:

A

Accidental penetration beyond normal sites can cause serious infections

SAC Microbiology (19 decks)

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