Lecture 17 Flashcards
Dental plaque
Thickened biofilm on the surface of the tooth. As the bacteria undergo metabolism, they produce acids as an end-product to fermentation
Dental caries
Tooth decay caused by acid destroying the enamel on the tooth.
Gingivitis
Inflammation of the gums
Periodontal disease
Advanced inflammation causing the gums to bleed and pull away from the teeth
Thrush
White coating resembling cottage cheese; caused by the yeast strain, Candida albicans
Diarrhea
defined as having three or more loose stools per day
Osmotic diarrhea
When osmolarity of intestinal contents is higher than internal osmolarity of mucosal cells, water leaves the cells
Secretory diarrhea
Cells increase ion secretion, which causes electrolytes to leave, leading to imbalance
Inflammatory diarrhea
Occurs when mucosal lining is inflamed. Inflammatory cytokines damage the mucosal cells and prevent absorption of nutrients and water. In severe cases, blood can enter the stool.
Motility-related diarrhea
Food moves too quickly through the intestinal tract, and nutrients are not absorbed
Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach lining
Gastroenteritis
Inflammation along the gastrointestinal tract.
Enteritis
Inflammation mainly of the small intestine
Enterocolitis
Inflammation of the colon and small intestine
Colitis
Inflammation of the colon
Rotavirus Gastroentiritis
This disease, mostly in children 6-24 months, is caused by a virus and is spread through the fecal-oral route.
Norovirus Gastroenterits
This disease is spread by a virus, mostly in enclosed spaces (cruise ships), and causes watery diarrhea, vomiting, and headache.
Peptic Ulcers
This disease is caused by Helicobacter pylori which erodes the mucosal lining of the stomach.
Shigellosis
This disease is characterized by abdominal cramping, high fever, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea from the shiga toxin.
Enterocolitis/Typhoid Fever
These disease are caused by Salmonella serotypes and both result in diarrhea.
Cholera
This disease is characterized by rice-water stools and is usually self-limiting with IV rehydration.
Campylobacter enterocolitis
This is the number one cause of diarrhea worldwide and can cause a disease called Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Listeriosis
This disease is caused by a gram-positive organism and is associated with animal products, especially unpasteurized dairy.
Antibiotic Associated Colitis
This disease is caused by Clostridium difficile, which is an endospore forming bacteria.
Food poisoning
This intoxication is predominantly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and is involved with temperature abuse in food.
Giardiasis
This disease is caused by a protozoan that is ingested in a cyst from a water source contaminated with fecal material.
Tapeworm
The infecting organisms are flatworms that have proglottid segments with both male and female sex organs.
Ascariasis
This is the most common roundworm infection in the world.
____ is an important cause of hospital acquired infection.
C. difficile
____ is associated with peptic ulcers.
H. pylori
Which of the following is NOT a way the normal microbiota of the intestine helps to prevent infection?
a) It produces acids that lower the pH of the stomach.
b) It speeds up the process by which microbes are flushed from the digestive tract.
c) It consumes food and occupies space, outcompeting potential pathogens.
d) It generates large quantities of oxygen that kill anaerobic pathogens.
d) It generates large quantities of oxygen that kill anaerobic pathogens.
What types of microbes live in the intestines?
a) Diverse species of bacteria, archaea, and fungi, especially Bacteroides and Firmicutes bacteria
b) A narrow range of bacteria, especially Firmicutes
c) A narrow range of bacteria and fungi, especially Bacteroides
d) Archaea and fungi only
a) Diverse species of bacteria, archaea, and fungi, especially Bacteroides and Firmicutes bacteria
What pathogen is the most important contributor to biofilms in plaque?
a) Staphylococcus aureus
b) Streptococcus mutans
c) Escherichia coli
d) Clostridium difficile
b) Streptococcus mutans
What type of organism causes thrush?
a) a bacterium
b) a virus
c) a fungus
d) a protozoan
c) a fungus
Which species of Shigella has a type that produces Shiga toxin?
a) S. boydii
b) S. flexneri
c) S. dysenteriae
d) S. sonnei
c) S. dysenteriae
Which cause of viral gastroenteritis commonly causes projectile vomiting?
a) hepatitisvirus
b) Astroviruses
c) Rotavirus
d) Noroviruses
d) Noroviruses
The part of the gastrointestinal tract with the largest natural microbiota is the _____.
Large intestine (colon)
When plaque becomes heavy and hardened, it is called dental calculus or _____.
tartar
Antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis is caused by _____.
Clostridium difficile
Jaundice results from a buildup of _____.
bilirubin
Chronic _____ infections cause the unique sign of disease of greasy stool and are often resistant to treatment.
giardia
