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SAC Microbiology > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

All of the following are examples of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that bind to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) EXCEPT:

A) Plasma membrane
B) Peptidoglycan
C) Lipopolysaccharide
D) Flagellin

A

A) Plasma membrane

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2
Q

Examples of Microbe-Associated Mollecular Patterns (MAMPS):

A

Peptidoglycan
Lipopolysaccharide
Flagellin

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3
Q

The C-reactive protein activates ?

A

Complement

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4
Q

Antibodies coat the surface of the bacterium, leaving the Fc portions of the antibody exposed to increase phagocytosis in ?

A

Opsonization

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5
Q

All of the following are the four steps in the process of phagocytosis, summarized. Which of the following is the second step?

A) Adherence
B) Formation of phagolysosome
C) Formation of phagosome
D) Digestion

A

C) Formation of phagosome

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6
Q

What are the 4 steps in Phagocytosis?

A
  1. adherence/ingestion
  2. formation of phagosome
  3. formation of phagolysosome
  4. digestion/release
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7
Q

After ingesting a pathogen, lysosomal enzymes do NOT produce ?

A

Complement

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8
Q

Chronic inflammation caused by organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis happens because ?

A

These organisms can avoid or resist host defenses

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9
Q

The lectin pathway for complement action is initiated by ?

A) Mannose on host membrane
B) Mannose on the surface of microbes
C) Gram-positive cell walls
D) Gram-negative cell walls

A

B) Mannose on the surface of microbes

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10
Q

In the lectin pathway, lectin, made by the ?, circulates in the blood and binds to ? on bacterial surfaces.

A

liver; carbohydrate structures

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11
Q

What mediates cleavage of C4 and indirectly C2?

A

Lectin

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12
Q

? is a normal host process in which a cell kills itself.

A

Apoptosis

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13
Q

? is also known as programmed cell death. This process helps to limit the damage to surrounding cells.

A

Apoptosis

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14
Q

Lysozyme is an enzyme that ?

A

Cleaves cell wall peptidoglycan

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15
Q

Specialized macrophages found inside lung tissue are called ?

A

Alveolar macrophages

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16
Q

Interferon-gamma is an example of which type of interferon?

A

Type II

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17
Q

Type I interferons have high ? potency and consist of IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-omega.

A

antiviral

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18
Q

IFN-gamma is an example of a ? interferon.

A

Type II

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19
Q

Cells of the innate immune response include:

A

macrophages
neutrophils
dendritic cells
mast cells

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20
Q

Cells of the adaptive immune response include:

A

B-cells

T-cells

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21
Q

Innate immunity is always on and ? concerning its recognition.

A

non-specific

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22
Q

A ? is a substance that causes fever.

A

Pyrogen

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23
Q

EXTERNAL pyrogens, such as ?, originate outside the body.

A

bacterial toxins

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24
Q

INTERNAL pyrogens, such as ?, are made by the body.

A

cytokines

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25
Q

Which immune cell targets host cells for destruction?

A

natural killer (NK) cells

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26
Q

The complement protein cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway after the point in the cascade where the activation of ______ takes place.

A

C3

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27
Q

Macrophages can also be called ?

A

antigen-presenting cells

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28
Q

Which organ is responsible for the thermoregulation of the body?

A

Hypothalamus

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29
Q

Chronic inflammation caused by organisms such as M. tuberculosis happens because ?

A. not enough organisms enter into the host.
B. not enough cytokines are released.
C. these organisms are removed too quickly from the host.
D. these organisms can avoid or resist host defenses.

A

D. these organisms can avoid or resist host defenses.

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30
Q

The C-reactive protein activates ?

A. phagocytosis
B. antibody production
C. NK cells
D. complement

A

D. complement

31
Q

Specialized macrophages found inside lung tissue are called ?

A. neutrophils
B. dendritic cells
C. Langerhans cells
D. alveolar macrophages

A

D. alveolar macrophages

32
Q

Which of the following pairs of organs are both considered primary lymphoid organs?

A. bone marrow and thyroid
B. bone marrow and thymus
C. thymus and Peyer’s patches
D. tonsils and spleen

A

B. bone marrow and thymus

33
Q

Which of the following is an example of a pyrogen?

A. teichoic acid
B. bacterial toxins
C. peptidoglycan
D. Toll-like receptors

A

B. bacterial toxins

34
Q

All of the following are examples of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that bind to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) EXCEPT:

A. lipopolysaccharide.
B. flagellin.
C. plasma membrane.
D. peptidoglycan.

A

C. plasma membrane.

35
Q

The lectin pathway for complement action is initiated by:

A. Gram-positive cell walls.
B. mannose on host cells.
C. mannose on the surface of microbes.
D. Gram-negative cell walls.

A

C. mannose on the surface of microbes.

36
Q

The complement protein cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway after the point in the cascade where the activation of ______ takes place.

A. C1
B. C5
C. C2
D. C3

A

D. C3

37
Q

In response to the release of chemical cues from damaged cells, the endothelial cells lining a capillary produce a receptor called __________ that causes neutrophils to begin rolling slowly along the vessel wall.

A. bradykinin
B. integrin
C. interleukin-1
D. selectin

A

D. selectin

38
Q

Antibodies coat the surface of the bacterium, leaving the Fc portions of the antibody exposed to increase phagocytosis in ?

A. antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
B. apoptosis.
C. opsonization.
D. complement.

A

C. opsonization.

39
Q

After ingesting a pathogen, lysosomal enzymes produce all of the following EXCEPT:

A. complement.
B. O2-.
C. H2O2.
D. OH.

A

A. complement.

40
Q

All of the following are outcomes of apoptosis EXCEPT:

A. preventing immediate phagocytosis
B. being a part of embryonic development
C. helping end inflammation
D. causing damage to the host

A

D. causing damage to the host

41
Q

Innate immunity has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

A. the timing is immediate.
B. its reactions are specific.
C. it is “always on” and reacts reliably to injury or invasion.
D. it is nonadaptive and does not “remember” previous reactions.

A

B. its reactions are specific.

42
Q

Which organ is responsible for the thermoregulation of the body?

A. brain stem
B. hypothalamus
C. pituitary gland
D. spinal cord

A

B. hypothalamus

43
Q

The innate immune system includes:

A. lymphocytes.
B. T cells.
C. B cells.
D. macrophages.

A

D. macrophages.

44
Q

Lysozyme is an enzyme that ?

A. traps microbes inside secretions.
B. produces toxic superoxide radicals.
C. destroys the microbial cytoplasmic membrane.
D. cleaves cell wall peptidoglycan.

A

D. cleaves cell wall peptidoglycan.

45
Q

Macrophages can also be called ?

A. antigen-presenting cells.
B. dendritic cells.
C. T cells.
D. mast cells.

A

A. antigen-presenting cells.

46
Q

All of the following are the four steps in the process of phagocytosis, summarized. Which of the following is the second step?

A. digestion/release
B. formation of phagosome
C. formation of phagolysosome
D. adherence/ingestion

A

B. formation of phagosome

47
Q

Opsonization facilitates ?

A. antibody production
B. complement activation
C. apoptosis
D. phagocytosis

A

D. phagocytosis

48
Q

What recognize and bind microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs)?

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

49
Q

A major goal of the complement cascade is to ?

A

insert pores into target microbial membranes.

50
Q

Once C3 is activated, the three outcomes of complement are ?

A

Inflammation (C3a and C5a)
Cytolysis (C5-C9)
Opsonization (C3b)

51
Q

What is the organism that causes strep throat and is classified as a group A strep?

A

Streptococcus pygoenes

52
Q

____ are the leukocytes found in the
largest numbers in the bloodstream and they
primarily fight bacterial infections

A

Neutrophils

53
Q

____ target parasitic infections

A

Eosinophils

54
Q

The lymphocytes, ____ and ____, are involved in allergic reactions

A

Eosinophils and basophils

55
Q

____ cells are lymphocytes that recognize and kill abnormal or infected cells by releasing proteins that trigger apoptosis

A

Natural killer (NK)

56
Q

Which of the following uses a particularly dense suite of tight junctions to prevent microbes from entering the underlying tissue?

A. the mucociliary escalator
B. the epidermis
C. the blood-brain barrier
D. the urethra

A

C. the blood-brain barrier

57
Q

Which of the following serve as chemical signals between cells and stimulate a wide range of nonspecific defenses?

A. cytokines
B. antimicrobial peptides
C. complement proteins
D. antibodies

A

A. cytokines

58
Q

Which of the following chemical mediators is secreted onto the surface of the skin?

A. cerumen
B. sebum
C. gastric acid
D. prostaglandin

A

B. sebum

59
Q

Identify the complement activation pathway that is triggered by the binding of an acute-phase protein to a pathogen.

A) classical
B) alternate
C) lectin
D) cathelicidin

A

C. lectin

60
Q

Histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and bradykinin are examples of which of the following?

A) chemical mediators primarily found in the digestive system
B) chemical mediators that promote
inflammation
C) antimicrobial peptides found on the skin
D) complement proteins that form MACs

A

B. chemical mediators that promote

inflammation

61
Q

PAMPs would be found on the surface of which of the following?

A. pathogen
B. phagocyte
C. skin cell
D. blood vessel wall

A

A. pathogen

62
Q

_____ on phagocytes bind to PAMPs on bacteria, which triggers the uptake and destruction of the bacterial pathogens?

A. PRRs
B. AMPs
C. PAMPs

A

A. PRRs

63
Q

Which of the following best characterizes the mode of pathogen recognition for opsonindependent phagocytosis?

A. Opsonins produced by a pathogen attract phagocytes through chemotaxis.
B. A PAMP on the pathogen’s surface is recognized by a phagocyte’s toll-like
receptors.
C. A pathogen is first coated with a molecule such as a complement protein, which allows it to be recognized by phagocytes.
D. A pathogen is coated with a molecule such as a complement protein that immediately lyses the cell.

A

C. A pathogen is first coated with a molecule such as a complement protein, which allows it to be recognized by phagocytes.

64
Q

The process by which cells are drawn or
attracted to an area by a microbe invader is
known as _____.

A

Chemotaxis

65
Q

Toll-like receptors are examples of _____.

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR’s)

66
Q

The alternative pathway for complement activation is initiated by ____.

A) Polysaccharides and C3b
B) Factors released from damaged tissues
C) Factors released from phagocytes
D) B, D, and P factors
E) Antigen-antibody reactions
A

D) B, D, and P factors

67
Q

C-reactive protein function

A

Coats bacteria (opsonization), preparing them for phagocytosis

68
Q

Acute phase protein functions

A

Inhibit growth and assist in killing of bacteria

69
Q

A natural killer (NK) cell recognizes ____ on a healthy cell and does not kill it.

A

MHC I

70
Q

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns include:

A

Peptidoglycan, Flagellin, Lipopolysaccharide, & Nucleic acids

71
Q

Steps in phagocytosis:

A
  1. Adherence- phagocytic cells attach to bacteria & virus
  2. Ingestion- pseudopod engulfs microbe
  3. Phagolysosome formation- aerobic & anaerobic killing
  4. Destruction & Presentation
72
Q

Type I (alpha & beta) Interferon function

A

produced and released by cells infected with virus; stimulate nearby cells to stop production of mRNA, destroy RNA already produced, & reduce protein synthesis

73
Q

Type II (gamma) Interferon function

A

important activator of immune cells

74
Q

NK cell function

A
  1. NK cells recognize normal MHC markers on the surface of healthy cells and serve as an inhibitory signal preventing NK cell activation
  2. May stimulate the target cell to undergo apoptosis; may also use perforin-mediated cytotoxicity

SAC Microbiology (19 decks)

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