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SAC Microbiology > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Process by which ALL living cells, spores, and viruses are destroyed on an object.

A

Sterilization

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2
Q

The killing or removal of DISEASE-PRODUCING organisms from inanimate surfaces; it does not necessarily result in sterilization.

A

Disinfection

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3
Q

Similar to disinfection but applies to removing pathogens from the surface of LIVING tissues, such as skin.

A

Antiseptics

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4
Q

Consists of reducing the microbial population to safe levels and usually involves cleaning an object as well as disinfection.

A

Sanitation

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5
Q

___ agents kill microbes.

A

Cidal

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6
Q

____ agents inhibit or control growth.

A

Static

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7
Q

Explain how microbe population size influences sterilizing agent damage.

A

The larger the population, the longer it takes to decrease it.

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8
Q

Explain how microbe population composition influences sterilizing agent damage.

A

Spores are much more difficult to kill. Spores require 10% bleach, whereas other microbes only require 1%.

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9
Q

____ disrupt the plasma membrane by denaturing proteins and disrupting plasma membrane.

A

Phenols

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10
Q

Alcohols are not effective against ?

A

Fungal spores and bacterial endospores

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11
Q

Pure alcohol is not as effective as 70% because ?

A

Denaturation of proteins requires water

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12
Q

Because alcohols evaporate quickly…

A

they may not contact the microorganism long enough to be effective.

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13
Q

5 physical agents to control growth:

A
  1. Heat
  2. Pressure
  3. Cold
  4. Filtration
  5. Irradiation
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14
Q

The ____ ____ is based on the highest dilution (lowest concentration) that will kill all bacteria after 10 minutes of exposure.

A

phenol coefficient

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15
Q

The ____ is defined as the lowest concentration of the drug that will prevent the growth of an organism

A

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

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16
Q

The ____ ____ test is used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of a chemotheraputic agent.

A

Broth-dilution

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17
Q

The lowest concentration of a chemotheraputic drug needed to kill a pathogen.

A

Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)

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18
Q

Neither ____ or ____ can distinguish whether a drug is bactericidal.

A

MIC; Kirby-Bauer test

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19
Q

The disk diffusion method is also known as the ?

A

Kirby-Bauer test

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20
Q

A ____ in a petri dish is an area where the pathogen does not grow because the chemotheraputic drug inhibited it.

A

Zone of inhibition

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21
Q

The ____ test is an advanced diffusion method that determines the lowest concentration of chemotheraputic agent that inhibits visible growth of bacteria.

A

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

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22
Q

The ____ uses a series of round filter paper disks impregnated with different antibiotics.

A

Kirby-Bauer assay

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23
Q

For an antibiotic to stop bacterial growth in the patient, the drug’s concentration in tissue must remain higher than the ____ at all times.

A

MIC

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24
Q

Antibiotics exhibit selective toxicity because they disturb ____ or ____ unique to the target cell.

A

enzymes; structures

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25
Q

Misuse of antibiotics selects for ____ mutants.

A

resistance

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26
Q

Antibitoic misuse includes:

A
  1. Using outdated or weakened antibiotics
  2. Using antibiotics for the common cold and other inappropriate conditions
  3. Using antibiotics in animal feed
  4. Failing to complete the prescribed regimen
  5. Using someone else’s leftover prescription
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27
Q

Four ways a microbe can become resistant to an antibiotic:

A
  1. Modify the target so that it no longer binds to antibiotic
  2. Destroy antibiotic before it gets into cell
  3. Add modifying functional groups that inactivate antibiotic
  4. Pump antibiotic out using transport proteins
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28
Q

An altered DNA gyrase no longer binding to a quinolone is an example of ?

A

Modifying the target

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29
Q

The enzyme beta-lactamase (penicillinase) is an example of ?

A

a microbe destroying an antibiotic

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30
Q

Enzymes that modify and inactivate aminoglycosides is an example of ?

A

Adding modifying groups

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31
Q

Tetracycline resistantance due to an efflux pump is an example of ?

A

Pumping an antibiotic out

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32
Q

Beta-lactamase breaks a bond in the ____ ring of penicillin to disable the molecule.

A

Beta-lactam

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33
Q

Rapid, large scale changes of genetic elements are usually mediated by ____, such as viruses and transposons.

A

horizontal gene transfer

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34
Q

In addition to small, spontaneous mutations, microbes can gain and lose entire genes and undergo rearrangements and duplications. This is known as ?

A

horizontal gene transfer

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35
Q

Importing free DNA from the environment into bacterial cells is known as ?

A

Transformation

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36
Q

Mechanism by which cells in a biofilm coordinate their activities in response to environmental stimuli is called ?

A

Quorum sensing

37
Q

____ enables microorganisms to detect their cell density through the release and binding of small, diffusible molecules called “autoinducers”

A

Quorum sensing

38
Q

____ requires intimate cell contact typically initiated by a sex pilus that protrudes from the donor cell.

A

Conjugation

39
Q

In ____, DNA is directly transferred from one prokaryote to another by means of a pilus which brings the organisms in contact with each other.

A

conjugation

40
Q

The genes encoding the ability to conjugate are located on a bacterial plasmid called the ?

A

F plasmid

41
Q

The F plasmid is also known as the ?

A

fertility factor

42
Q

The conjugation pilus is also known as the ?

A

F pilus

43
Q

Transfer of DNA through direct contact using a pilus is called ?

A

Conjugation

44
Q

Mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria in which genes are transferred through viral infection is called ?

A

Transduction

45
Q

Mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in which naked environmental DNA is taken up by a bacterial cell is called ?

A

Transformation

46
Q

In ____ transduction, any piece of chromosomal DNA may be transferred to a new host cell by accidental packaging of chromosomal DNA into a phage head during assembly.

A

Generalized

47
Q

____ transduction results from the imprecise excision of a lysogenic prophage from the bacterial chromosome.

A

Specialized

48
Q

Viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophages) may also move short pieces of chromosomal DNA from one bacterium to another in a process called ?

A

Transduction

49
Q

The process by which a phage carries a payload of host DNA from one cell to another is called ?

A

transduction

50
Q

In ____ transduction only host DNA is packaged.

A

generalized

51
Q

In ____ transduction a prophage (integrated phage) leaves the host and takes some of the host DNA. The new host is lysogenically converted.

A

specialized

52
Q

When microbial growth medium is made, it is put into the autoclave to ____, the medium before organisms can be inoculated and grown into a pure culture.

A

sterilize

53
Q

Selective toxicity for antiviral drugs is ______ to achieve as compared to selective toxicity for antibacterial drugs.

A. easier
B. harder
C. equally different

A

B. harder

54
Q

Tetracycline is an antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis without killing the bacterial cell. This antibiotic can be classified as ________.

A. virustatic
B. fungicidal
C. bacteriocidal
D. bacteriostatic

A

D. bacteriostatic

55
Q

After three minutes of exposure to an antibacterial agent, only 100 cells are living from the 1000 cells at the start. How many cells will still be living after nine minutes of exposure?

A. 1,000
B. 10
C. 1
D. 100

A

C. 1

56
Q

Which of the following allows for long-term storage of microbial cells?

A. lyophilization
B. sterilization
C. refrigeration
D. pasteurization

A

A. lyophilization

57
Q

How can drugs that are sensitive to heat and chemical sterilization be sterilized so they can be safely administered to sick individuals?

A. filtration through microscope filters
B. using a laminar flow biological safety cabinet
C. refrigeration
D. lyophilization

A

A. filtration through microscope filters

58
Q

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the efficacy of a disinfectant?

A. the kinds of organisms present
B. the presence of inorganic matter
C. surface tension
D. corrosiveness

A

B. the presence of inorganic matter

59
Q

Which of the following is a more accurate method for determining the ability of a disinfectant to kill microorganisms on a particular surface?

A. gas sterilization test
B. use-dilution test
C. phenol coefficient test
D. antimicrobial touch test

A

B. use-dilution test

60
Q

Antibiotics with a high degree of ________________ are less likely to harm the host.

A. minimum inhibitory concentration
B. selective toxicity
C. zone of inhibition
D. spectrum toxicity

A

B. selective toxicity

61
Q

Penicillin primarily kills Gram-positive bacteria. It can be classified as

A. amphiphatic
B. narrow spectrum
C. low molecular weight
D. broad spectrum

A

B. narrow spectrum

62
Q

Which of the following is measured by the minimum inhibitory concentration of an antibiotic?

A. how little of an antibiotic is needed to stop growth of an organism
B. how many different organisms the antibiotic inhibits
C. how little of an antibiotic is needed to kill an organism
D. maximum dose the patient tolerates

A

A. how little of an antibiotic is needed to stop growth of an organism

63
Q

What is the desired ratio between the therapeutic dose and the toxic dose for an antibiotic?

A. The therapeutic dose should be much lower than the toxic dose.
B. The therapeutic and toxic doses should be equal.
C. The therapeutic dose should be higher than the toxic dose.
D. The relationship between those doeses does not matter.

A

A. The therapeutic dose should be much lower than the toxic dose.

64
Q

Drugs that target RNA polymerase are inhibitors of ________.

A. reverse transcription
B. translation
C. transcription
D. DNA replication

A

C. transcription

65
Q

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of antibiotic resistance?

A. addition of modifying groups to activate the antibiotic
B. pumping of the antibiotic out of the cell using nonspecific transport proteins
C. modification of target so that it no longer binds the antibiotic
D. destruction of the antibiotic before it gets into the cell

A

A. addition of modifying groups to activate the antibiotic

66
Q

Which of the following is NOT an origin of antibiotic resistance genes?

A. spontaneous mutation
B. gene in the chromosome of the antibiotic-producing organism
C. gene duplication followed by random mutation
D. conjugation

A

D. conjugation

67
Q

Which of the following is an accurate definition of disinfection?

A. The killing or removal of disease-producing organisms from inanimate surfaces.
B. The removal of pathogens from the surface of living tissues.
C. The reduction of microbial populations to safe levels.
D. The process by which all living cells, spores, and viruses are destroyed on an object.
E. All of the above.

A

A. The killing or removal of disease-producing organisms from inanimate surfaces.

68
Q

Factors influencing the speed of lethal damage

A
  1. The initial population size.
  2. Population composition
  3. Agent concentration or dose for radiation
  4. Duration of exposure
  5. Presence of organic material (blood, feces) that can inhibit disinfectant action; organic load.
69
Q

Name examples of physical control agents.

A

high or low temperature, desiccation, osmotic pressure, radiation, and filtration.

70
Q

Four ways that microbes can become resistant to antibiotics.

A
  1. Modify The Target so that it no longer binds to the antibiotic.
  2. Destroy The Antibiotic before it gets into the cell.
  3. ADD Modifying Groups that inactivate the antibiotic
  4. Pump The Antibiotic Out of the cell using specific or nonspecific transport proteins.
71
Q

A germicide is applied to a surface. By definition, this chemical will most likely_______ that surface.

A

Disinfect

72
Q

Microbial growth slows down when the sample is ______, but there is no microbial growth at all when the sample is _____.

A

Refrigerated; Lyophilized

73
Q

Environments free of microorganisms are known as ______ environments.

A. antiseptic
B. hygienic
C. vaccinated
D. aseptic

A

D. aseptic

74
Q

Which of the following is measured by the minimum inhibitory concentration of an antibiotic?

A. how little of an antibiotic is needed to kill an organism.
B. maximum dose the patient tolerates
C. how little of an antibiotic is needed to stop growth of an organism
D. how many different organisms the antibiotic inhibits

A

C. how little of an antibiotic is needed to stop growth of an organism

75
Q

Which of the following modes of action would be most selectively toxic?

a. interrupting ribosomal function
b. dissolving the cell membrane
c. preventing cell wall synthesis
d. inhibiting DNA replication

A

c. preventing cell wall synthesis

76
Q

____ is commonly used to remove bacteria from heat sensitive solutions.

A

Membrane filtration

77
Q

The ____ method is used to test the
effectiveness of a chemical disinfectant against
a particular microbe.

A

disk-diffusion

78
Q

The ____ test determines the effectiveness of a disinfectant on a surface.

A

use-dilution

79
Q

Which of the following is suitable for use on
tissues for microbial control to prevent infection?

A. disinfectant
B. antiseptic
C. sterilant
D. water

A

B. antiseptic

80
Q

Which of the following best describes a microbial control protocol that inhibits the growth of molds and yeast?

A. bacteriostatic
B. fungicidal
C. bactericidal
D. fungistatic

A

D. fungistatic

81
Q

Which of the following microbial control methods does not actually kill microbes or inhibit their growth but instead removes them physically from samples?

A. filtration
B. desiccation
C. lyophilization
D. nonionizing radiation

A

A. filtration

82
Q

Bleach is an example of which group of
chemicals used for disinfection?

A. heavy metals
B. halogens
C. quats
D. bisbiguanides

A

B. halogens

83
Q

Which type of test is used to determine whether disinfectant solutions actively used in a clinical setting are being used correctly?

A. disk-diffusion assay
B. phenol coefficient test
C. in-use test
D. use-dilution test

A

C. in-use test

84
Q

Which of the following combinations would most
likely contribute to the development of a
superinfection?

A. long-term use of narrow-spectrum
antimicrobials
B. long-term use of broad-spectrum
antimicrobials
C. short-term use of narrow-spectrum
antimicrobials
D. short-term use of broad-spectrum
antimicrobials
A

B. long-term use of broad-spectrum

antimicrobials

85
Q

Which of the following terms refers to the ability of an antimicrobial drug to harm the target microbe without harming the host?

A. mode of action
B. therapeutic level
C. spectrum of activity
D. selective toxicity

A

D. selective toxicity

86
Q

Which of the following resistance mechanisms
describes the function of β-lactamase?

A. efflux pump
B. target mimicry
C. drug inactivation
D. target overproduction

A

C. drug inactivation

87
Q

Which of the following resistance mechanisms
is commonly effective against a wide range of
antimicrobials in multiple classes?

A. efflux pump
B. target mimicry
C. target modification
D. target overproduction

A

A. efflux pump

88
Q 
Which of the following resistance mechanisms
is the most nonspecific to a particular class of
antimicrobials?

A. drug modification
B. target mimicry
C. target modification
D. efflux pump

A

D. efflux pump

89
Q

Which of the following techniques cannot be
used to determine the minimum inhibitory
concentration of an antimicrobial drug against
a particular microbe?

A. Etest
B. microbroth dilution test
C. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test
D. macrobroth dilution test

A

C. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test

SAC Microbiology (19 decks)

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