Lecture 4 Flashcards
Sticky envelope made of polysaccharides and/or polypeptides that surround the cell.
Glycocalyx
Used to propel the organism.
Flagella
Composed of peptidoglycan in many bacteria.
Cell wall
Tubules that are used to transfer DNA from one bacterial cell to another.
Pili
Bristle-like projections used by bacterial cells to attach themselves to objects.
Fimbriae
The ____ _____ is the defining structure of a cell.
cell membrane
The cell wall makes a bacterial cell rigid and helps it withstand intracellular ____ ____ that can build up as a result of ____ ____.
turgor pressure; osmotic shock
Gram positive bacteria have multiple layers of ____.
Peptidoglycan
Gram negative bacteria have a single layer of ____, enclosed by an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides.
Peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan is reinforced by ____ acids threaded through the layers.
Teichoic
What type of bacteria is considered Gram-positive, but their envelopes are exceptionally thick and complex, including extra layers not found in other Gram-positive cells.
Mycobacteria
Mycobacteria can be stained using the ____ procedure but not ____.
Acid-fast; Gram stain
Bacterial DNA is organized in a ?
nucleoid
All of the DNA loops in a nucleoid connect back to a central point called the ____, which is attached to the cell envelope at a point on the cell’s “equator.”
Origin of replication (ORI)
Bacterial replication begins at the origin and proceeds in both ____ all around the circle
directions
Replication of the DNA termination site triggers the growth of the dividing partition of the envelope, called the ____.
septum
Diplococcus
Pair of two cocci
Tetrad
Grouping of four cocci arranged in a square
Streptococcus
Chain of cocci
Staphylococcus
Cluster of cocci
Bacilius
Single rod
Streptobacilius
Chain of rods
The transfer of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell is called ____.
conjugation
Straight filaments of protein monomers used to attach to substrates
Pili
Shorter than pili and used for attachment to a substrate
Fimbriae
Membrane-bound extension of cytoplasm that secretes adhesion factors called “holdfast”
Stalk
____ enable motility and chemotaxis.
Rotary flagella
Flagella enhance ____.
virulence
Prokaryote ribosome sedimentation rate
70S
Eukaryote ribosome sedimentation rate
80S
____ moves substances along the cell’s surface.
Cilia
The cell wall makes a bacterial cell rigid and helps it withstand intracellular ____ that can build up as a result of ____.
turgor pressure; osmotic shock
Describe a mycobacteria cell wall.
Considered Gram-positive, but their envelopes are exceptionally thick and complex, including extra layers not found in other Gram-positive cells.
Which of the following is not composed of microtubules?
A) desmosomes
B) centrioles
C) eukaryotic flagella
D) eukaryotic cilia
A) Desmosomes
Which type of nutrient uptake involves the engulfment of small dissolved molecules into vesicles?
A) active transport
B) pinocytosis
C) receptor-mediated endocytosis
D) facilitated diffusion
B) Pinocytosis
Which of the following structures of a eukaryotic cell is not likely derived from endosymbiotic bacterium?
A) mitochondrial DNA
B) mitochondrial ribosomes
C) inner membrane
D) outer membrane
D) Outer membrane
Sugar groups may be added to proteins in which of the following?
A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B) rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) Golgi apparatus
D) lysosome
C) Golgi apparatus
Which type of cytoskeletal fiber is important in the formation of the nuclear lamina?
A) microfilaments
B) intermediate filaments
C) microtubules
D) fibronectin
B) Intermediate filaments
Which of the following terms refers to a bacterial cell having a single tuft of flagella at one end?
A) monotrichous
B) amphitrichous
C) peritrichous
D) lophotrichous
D) Lophotrichous
Which of the following cell wall components is unique to gram-negative cells?
A) lipopolysaccharide
B) teichoic acid
C) mycolic acid
D) peptidoglycan
A) Lipopolysaccharide
Which bacterial structures are important for adherence to surfaces? (Select all that apply.)
A) endospores B) cell walls C) fimbriae D) capsules E) flagella
C) Fimbriae
D) Capsules
True/False
Mitochondria in eukaryotic cells contain ribosomes that are structurally similar to those found in prokaryotic cells.
True
The assertion that “life only comes from life” was stated by Louis Pasteur in regard to his experiments that definitively refuted the theory of _______.
Spontaneous generation
The ________ theory states that disease may originate from proximity to decomposing matter and is not due to person-to-person contact.
Miasma
Prokaryotic cells that are rod-shaped are called _________.
Bacilli
The type of inclusion containing polymerized inorganic phosphate is called ________.
volutin (or metachromatic granule)
Peroxisomes typically produce _________, a harsh chemical that helps break down molecules.
Hydrogen peroxide
Microfilaments are composed of _________ monomers.
Actin
