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Human Anatomy > Lecture 8 - Nervous System #1 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Nervous System #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major divisions of the Nervous system?

A
  • > Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) - > peripheral nervous system (anything else, adjacent nerves etc.)
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2
Q

What are the main properties of the nervous system

A

Excitable - > respond to stimuli

Conductivity - > excited cells conduct and transport impulse

Secretion - > neurotransmitters are secreted in reaction to impulses

Longevity - > most neurons will last a lifetime

Amitotic - > (amitotic cells cannot replicate through mitosis) *LAST TWO ARE CONNECTED*

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3
Q

types of nervous tissue

A

Neurons - > larger, responsible for impulse propigation

Neuroglia - > smaller, support/ maintain neuron cells

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4
Q

Label the neuron

A
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5
Q

astrocytes

A
  • > in CNS
  • > form blood-brain barriers by covering caplaries with perivascualr feet
  • > small molecules can go through the gaps and into the bloodstream (water or glucose)
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6
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • > reponsible for making myelin (allows faster impulse propgation)
  • > attached to myelin sheath of neuron
  • > in CNS
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7
Q

Microglia

A
  • > in CNS
  • > small cells near blood vessels which clear away waste/ dead cells (phagocytic cells)
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8
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • > in CNS
  • > form epithlial membrae that lines brain and spinal cavities
  • > produce cerebrospinal fluid
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9
Q

Satelite cell

A
  • > in PNS
  • > small flat cells which surround the neronal soma (cell body of unipolar neurons)
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10
Q

pns ganglia

A

ganglia (pl. ganglion) are a group of neuron cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system which house the cell bodies of afferent and efferent nerves

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11
Q

schwaan cells

A
  • > in PNS
  • > cells encicling PNS axons with myelin sheaths
  • > gaps in between are called nodes of ranvier
  • > increase propogation speed
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12
Q

Myelinated vs Unmyelated axons

A

Myelinated

  • > fully covered
  • > white tissue

Unmyelinated

  • > embeded in the surface; not wrapped
  • > grey matter
  • > adding chocolate chips to cookies
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13
Q

What are synapses

A
  • > where a neuron connects to either another neuron or muscle
  • > use chemical neurotransmitters to induce an electrical charge
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14
Q

What are the parts of the synapses

A
  1. Presynaptic bulb
    - > synaptic vescicles
    - > Synaptic end bulb
    - > presynaptic membrane
  2. Postsynaptic neuron
    - > Postsynaptic membrane

(neurotransmitter receptor site)

  1. Synaptic crest
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15
Q

Classification of Neurons

A
  • > Multipolar neurons (most neurons)
  • > Bipolar neurons (cell body intergrated in middle of axon)
  • > unipolar neuron (attaches to middle of the axon)
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16
Q

Basic functions of nervous tissue

A

Sensory (input) - > senses changes with sensory receptors

Integration - > interpreting and remembering those changes

Motor (output) - > reacting to those changes with EFFECTORS

17
Q

What are effectors?

A

a gland or a muscle that becomes active in response to stimuli

(muscular contractions or glandular secretion)

18
Q

Classification of Nerves

A

Mixed nerves - > both sensory and motor fibres; send impulses to and from CNS

Sensory (afferent) nerves - > send impulses towards CNS

Motor (efferent) nerves - > send impulses away from CNS

19
Q

Sensory Neurons

A
  • > neurons of the sensory nervous system
  • > conduct impulses from somatic and visceral receptors
  • > most unipolar, cell bodies found in poserior root ganglia
20
Q

Interneurons

A
  • > receives, processes and stores information from stimuli from many different neurons
  • > “decides” how body responds to stimuli
  • > generally multipolar
21
Q

Motor neurons

A
  • > conduct motor output to somantic and viceral effectors
  • > all multipolar
22
Q

parts of a nerve cell

A
  • > Endoneurium (wraps axon)
  • > perineurim (wraps fasicles/multiple axons)
  • > epineurium (wraps nerve)
23
Q

What is the fasicle

A

A bundle of axons wrapped in perineurium

24
Q

which two systems further divide the peripheral nervous system and what are their functions

A

Sensory (afferent) division

  • > conduct impulses to the CNS

Motor (efferent) division

  • > conduct impulses away from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands)
25
Q

which two divisions make up the motor division of the PNS; what are their functions

A

Somatic nervous system

  • > conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

Autonomic nervous system

  • > conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands (involuntary)
26
Q

which two divisions make up the autonomic nervous system of the PNS; what are their functions

A

Sympathic division

  • > mobilizes body systems during activity

Parasympathic division

  • > promotes housekeeping activities during rest
  • > conserves energy
27
Q

What are the types of nerve function

A
  • > sensory nerve axons function to bring sensation stimuli to the brain
  • > motor never axons function to bring stimuli from the brain to the target organ (muscle, gland etc.) to elicit a response
28
Q

Directional terms to descibe the brain

A

Rostral - > Towards the nose

Caudal - > Towards the tail

29
Q

List all layers of cranial meninges

A
  • > Dura Mater (strongest, 2 outter layers)
  • > Arachnoid mater (where cerebrospinal fluid circulates, choroid plexus, arachnoid villi)
  • > Pia mater (thin delicate; wet paper towel)
30
Q

choroid plexus main functions

A
  • > blood - cerebrospinal fluid barrier
  • > cerebrospinal fluid production
31
Q

list all cranial dural septa and what do they do

A

*septa/septum devide things*

Falx Cerebri - > protects into longitudinal fissure and separates brain into left and right cerebral hemispheres

Tentorium cerebelli - > separates the cerebrum from cerebellum; anterior surface has a gap (tentorial notch) to allow passage of brainstem

Falx cerebelli - > partition which separates left and right cerebellar hemispheres

Diaphragma selae - > small semptum between pituitary and hypothalamus

32
Q

functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • > allows brain to “float” and reduce its weight
  • > prevents ingury from physical trauma
  • > forms liquid cushion around CNS structures
33
Q

Name all brain ventricles

A
  • > Lateral Ventricles (Left/Right)
  • > Third Ventricle
  • > Fourth Ventricle
34
Q

Explain the blood-brain barrier and how it works

A
  • > strictly regulates wht substances can enter the interstitial fluids of the brain
  • > Perivascular feet (astrocytes) are the “gatekeeper” which block wastes, certain proteins etc. from entering
35
Q

nissl bodies

A

also know as chromotophilic substances, large granular bodies found in neurons

36
Q

neurofibrils

A

intermidiate filaments found in the cytoplasm of neurons

37
Q

axon hillock

A

where where the axon terminal and cell body merge

38
Q

synaptic boutons

A

aka. axon terminal, small swellings found at the terminal ends of axons, where synapses are located

39
Q

neuroglial cells

A

support cells

Human Anatomy (22 decks)

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