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Human Anatomy > Lecture 4 - Cartilage & Bone > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Cartilage & Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the skeletal system

A
  • > bones - > cartilage - > ligaments - > other supporting connective tissues
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2
Q

What are the main functions of cartilage?

A
  • > support soft tissues (keeps airway open)
  • > Articulations (joints; keeps bones from rubbing)
  • > Precursor model for bone growth (fetal skeleton stars off as cartilage)
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3
Q

Properties of cartilage

A

they’re semi-rigid connective tissue

  • > avascular
  • > flexible/resistant
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4
Q

What kinds of cells make up cartilage? Where do they live?

A

Chondroblasts - > young cells which produce matrix (brats = hyperactive)

Chondrocytes - > older cells that still produce matrix but are more concerned with matrix mantenace *Both cells live in small spaces called lacunae*

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5
Q

List all types of cartilage

A
  • > hyaline cartilage - > fibrocartilage - > elastic cartilage
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6
Q

Properties of hyaline cartilage

A
  • > lacks significant collagen (present but in small quantity)
  • > located in fetal skeleton, ends of bones, trachea, nose
  • > weakest of the three
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7
Q

Properties of elastic cartilage

A
  • > made of up elastic fibres
  • > position/form able to be influenced; snaps back to original shape
  • > found in epiglottis (swallow flap) and external ear
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8
Q

Properties of fibrocartilage

A
  • > densely interwoven collagen fibres which contribute to durability
  • > Acts as shock absorbers
  • > resists tension in one direction
  • > can be found in intervertebral discs and meniscus
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9
Q

Functions of bones

A
  • > support - > protection - > anchors for movement (muscles) - > Hematopoiesis (blood cell production) - > Storage
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10
Q

Properties of Bone

A
  • > primarily connective tissue - > extracellular matrix is sturdy and rigid - > strengthened by calcification (minerals deposited in matrix)
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11
Q

Types of bones

A
  • > long - > short - > irregular - > flat
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12
Q

Properties of long bones

A
  • > have both compact and spongy bone - > longer than wide - > most common bone in body
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13
Q

Properties of short bones

A
  • > Have spongy and compact bone - > roughly as long as it is wide - > ie. patella
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14
Q

Properties of flat bones

A
  • > have compact and spongy bones - > protect underlying structures (ie. cranium protects brain) - > provide muscle attachment sides
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15
Q

Properties of irregular bones

A
  • > odd shapes; can’t fit into any other category - > ie vertebrae, hip bones
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16
Q

Identify A (upper and lower), B and whats in between the two, C, D, G, H and J

A

A (upper) -> proximal epiphysis

A (lower) -> Distal epiphysis

B -> Diaphysis

In between the epiphysis and diaphysis is the Metaphysis

C - > articular cartilage

D - > periosteum

G - > medullary/ marrow cavity

H - > Endosteum

J - > Epiphyseal (growth) plate

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17
Q

What is the epiphysis and what does it do?

A
  • > the knobby, elongated regions at the ends of a long bone
  • > strengthens joints
  • > is the attachment cite for tendons/ligaments
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18
Q

What is the metaphysis

A
  • > The section of bone in between the epiphysis and diaphysis.
  • > contains epithysial (growth) plate
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19
Q

Functions of articular cartilage

A

allows bones to glide over one another with very little friction

Articular cartilage also comes together to form joints

20
Q

What are the different types of bone coverings

A
  • > Periosteum
  • > Endosteum
21
Q

Periosteum

A
  • > covers the external surfaces of bone
  • > does not cover articular cartilage (if it did, it would cause friction)
  • > acts as anchor for blood vessels and nerves
  • > anchored by perforating Sharpey fibres embeded in bone matrix
22
Q

Endosteum

A

covers most internal surfaces of bone

23
Q

Describe each type of bone cell

A

Osteogenitors: stem cells found in endosteum & periosteum that either produce more stem cells or convert into osteoblasts

Osteoblasts: young cells, form matrix, very mitotic

Osteocytes: maintain the matrix and communicate with osteoblasts to cause further deposit of bone matrix; they’re found in lacunae as they trap themselve in a layer of their own matrix

Osteoclasts: large, multicellular; break down bone & cartilage

24
Q

What makes up the bone matrix

A

1/3 organic componants(osteoid) : flexible, resist breaking

  • > cells, collagen fibres and ground substance

2/3 inorganic componants: hardness

  • > mineral salts of inorganic hydroxyappetite, calcium phosphate and calcium phosphate
25
Q

Compact vs. Spongy Bone

A

Compact (aka. cortical)

  • > solid and relatively dense
  • > makes up internal surfaces of long and flat bone

Spongy (aka. Cancellous or trabecular)

  • > makes up internal surfaces of bone
26
Q

What are osteons

A

also know as the HAVERSIAN SYSTEM, osteons are cylindrical structures parellel to the shaft of the bone that is made up of concentric lamellae (layers) which surround the central canal

27
Q

Types of lamellae

A

Concentric: rings of bone around central canal

Circumferential: along outter edge of periosteum

Interstitial: fills remaining space between osteons (if you draw a lot of circles there’s spaces in between)

28
Q

Types of canals

A

Central (havesian): carries blood vessels and nerves

Perforating (volkmanns) cannals: perpendicular connections to central canals

29
Q

What are lacunae

A

small spaces between lamellae that house blastocytes

30
Q

what are canaliciuli

A

tiny channels between lacunae

31
Q

what are the two general patterns of ossification

A

Intramembranous

Endochondral

32
Q

Explain the process of intramembranous ossification

A
  • > mesenchymal (mesenchyme) cells come together and multiply, and eventually evolve into osteoblast
  • > osteoblasts then begin creating bone matrix
  • > results in the formation of flat bones
33
Q

Explain the process of endochondral ossification

A
  • > everyone is born with a fetal skeleton made out of hyaline cartilage.
  • > this cartilage is eventually eaten away by osteoclasts and replaced with hard bone by osteoblasts
34
Q

What are the two types of bone growth

A
  • > Appositional growth
  • > Interstitial growth
35
Q

What is appositional growth

A

growth in diameter/thicccness

36
Q

What is interstitial growth

A
  • > increase in length by gradual remodelling at the articular cartilages and epiphyseal plate
37
Q

Epiphyseal plate vs epiphyseal line

A

Epiphyseal plate

  • > Cartilage still growing

epiphyseal line

  • > ossified bone (18-21)
38
Q

Steps of bone fracture repair

A
  1. Hematoma forms
  2. fibrocartilaginous (soft) callusis formed
  3. a hard (bony) callus is forms
  4. the bone is remodelled
39
Q

explain bone aging

A

as we age, our bones…

  • > lose ability to produce organic matrix (mainly collagen)
  • > loses Ca and other salts
40
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue

41
Q

lacunae

A

The lacunae are situated between the lamellae, and consist of a number of long spaces

42
Q

calcification

A

Calcification is the accumulation of calcium salts in a body tissue/bone ect.

43
Q

which part of the bone contains bone marrow

A

the medulary/ marrow cavity usually contains yellow marrow

44
Q

Identify this type of cartilage

A

fibrocartilage

45
Q

Identify this type of cartilage

A

Hyaline

46
Q

Identify this cartilage

A

elastic

Human Anatomy (22 decks)

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