Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Anatomy > Lecture 10 - Special Senses #1 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Special Senses #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of sensory receptors

A
  • > respond to stimulus
  • > initiated sensory input to CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain stimuli

A
  • > changes in sensory information which are detected by receptors
  • > react to pleasure/ danger
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Explain sensations

A
  • > conscious awareness of a stimulus (sensory information; aware of only fraction of stimuli)
  • > only stimulus that reaches cerebral cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Receptors as transducers

A
  • > change one form of energy into different form
  • > original energy specific to type of receptors i.e. light energy in eye, sound energy in ear
  • > energy is transduced into electrical energy which is then conducted along afferent sensory neuron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Receptor clasification

A
  1. General sense receptors
    - > somatic sensory receptors (skeletal muscles)
    - > Visceral sensory receptors (smooth muscle)
  2. Special senses receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Functions of somatic sensory receptors

A

housed within skin, joints, muscles, tendons which detect pressure, vibration, pain, stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

functions of visceral sensory receptors

A

located in the walls of viscera which respond to temperature, chemicals, stretch and pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the five special senses

A
  1. Gustation (taste)
  2. Olfaction (smell)
  3. Vision (sight)
  4. Hearing (auditory)
  5. Equilibrium (balance and acceleration)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain special senses receptors

A

specialized, complex sense organ receptors located within the head in charge of the 5 special senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stimulus receptor classifications

A
  1. Exteroceptors
  2. Interoceptors
  3. Proprioceptors
  4. Chemoreceptors
  5. Thermoreceptors
  6. Photoreceptors
  7. Mechanoreceptors
  8. Baroreceptors
  9. Nociceptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Exteroceptors

A

detect stimuli from external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Interoceptors

A

detect stimuli from internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Proprioceptors

A

detect body and limb movement in space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

detect chemicals in environment (taste, smell use chemoreceptors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

detect temp change in environment & body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Photoreceptors

A

in the eye detects light intensity, colour, movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

detect touch, vibration, pressure, stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Baroreceptors

A

detect pressure changes (stretch) in organs and vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Nociceptors

A

detect painful stimuli (somatic/skeletal or visceral/smooth muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain referred pain

A
  • > when pain is not perceived as originating from specific organ but is perceived as originating form dermatomes of skin
  • > stimulus localized incorrectly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dermatomes

A

an area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve; area of skins pain is connected *dermatomes map*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

list some common sites of referred pain

A

Cardiac problems - > may feel pain along medial side of left arm

Kidney and Ureter pain - > may feel pain over inferior abdominal wall and groin and loin

23
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

covers superior naval cavity and cribriform plate

24
Q

What are the three types of olfactory epithelium

A
  1. Olfactory receptors (bipolar neurons with cilia or olfactory neurons)
  2. Supporting cells (columnar epithelium)
  3. Basal cells (= stem cells)
25
Q

Explain Bowman’s gland

A

also know as the olfactory gland, this gland helps detach odourant molecules from bipolar neurons (coffee grounds in a perfume shop)

26
Q

what is a vallante papilla

A

little groves on the tongue with sides lined with tastebuds and a top layer of epithelium which overs the whole structure

27
Q

how do taste buds detect taste

A

tastes bud has a taste pore in the epithelial tissue which has gustatory hairs that project upward through the taste pore. This allows taste receptors (gustratory cells) to transmit information to the brain via sensory nerves; also contains support cells

28
Q

List all five basic taste sensations

A
  1. Sweet - > produced by organic compounds (sugar, artificial sweeteners)
  2. Salt - > produced by metal ios (Na+ or K+)
  3. Sour - > associated with acids (vinegar)
  4. Bitter - > produced by alkaloids ie. unsweetened chocolate (alkaloids=things that would have poisoned our ancient ancestors i.e. poison berries)
  5. Umami - > taste related to amino acids to produce meaty flavour
29
Q

Physiology of Taste

A
  • > substances must be desolved in water (saliva) to be able to taste
  • > thresholds for taste varies among 5 primary tastes (most sensitive bitter/poison, least sensitive salt and sugar)
  • > complete adaptation in 1-5 minutes (taste neurons get fatigued/ overstimulated and stop sending the same taste signal)
30
Q

List all accessory structure of the eye and their function(s)

A

Eyelid - > protect and lubricate the eye

Eylashes/brows - > help protect eye from forign objects, sweat and sunlight

Lacrimal glands - > secrete lacrimal fluid (tears)

31
Q

Explain the flow of tears

A
  • > fluid is secreted from the lacrimal glands
  • > fluid flows across conjunctiva and through the lacrimal punctum and through the superior/ inferior lacrimal canals
  • > it then passes through the lacrimal sac - > nasolacrimal duct - > nasal cavity
32
Q

sebaceous glands

A

found at the base of eyelashes, also know as sty

  • > clogged sty form a pimple-like structure on eyelid
33
Q

conjunctiva

A

a thin, clear, moist membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids ad the outter surface of the eye

  • > inflamation of the conjunctiva is called conjunctivitis (pink eye)
34
Q

List the three major structures that make up the internal eye and what are their substructures

A
  1. Fibrous Tunic (tunic=layer)
    - > Sclera
    - > cornea
  2. Vascular Tunic
    - > Iris
    - > Ciliary body
    - > choroid
  3. Retina
    - > Pigmented layer
    - > neural layer
35
Q

Properties of the cornea

A
  • > avascular, trasparent
  • > parallel collagen fibres with cristalline proteins
  • > helps focus light (refraction)
  • > common successful transplants as there are no blood vessels or antibodies to cause rejection
  • > noursihed by tears and aqueous humor
36
Q

Properties of Sclera

A
  • > “white” of the eye
  • > dense irregular (diff ways) connective tissue layer (collagen and fibroblasts)
  • > provides shape and support to the eye itself
  • > separated from cornea by scleral venous sinus
  • > posterior peirced by optic nerve
37
Q

Properties of the Choroid

A
  • > made up of pigmented epithelial cells and blood vessesl
  • > provides nutrients to retina
  • > black pigment abosorbs scatted light
38
Q

Ciliary Body

A

Made up of Ciliary process

  • > secretes aqueous humor fluid
  • > attached to lens by suspensory ligaments

And ciliary muscle

  • > smooth muscle that alters shape of lense (tenses releases lens)
39
Q

Iris

A
  • > coloured portion of eye
  • > hole in the centre is pupil
  • > regulated the amount of light that enters the eye
40
Q

Muscles of the iris and how are they innervated

A

Constrictor pupillae (circular) - > are innervated by parasympathelic fibres (sleepy kitty; rest and digest)

Dilator pupillae (radial) - > are innervated by sympathetic fibres (fast kitty: cat gets excitde/scared pupil enlarges so that the cat can see the threat)

41
Q

Properties of the lens

A
  • > Avascular
  • > focuses light on retina
  • > held in place by suspensory ligaments
  • > made up of critalinne proteins arranged in layers
42
Q

What are cataracts

A

Clouding of the lense caused by foreign objects embedding in christalline proteins

  • > main causes are linked to both genetics and habit factors
43
Q

Lens shape in far vision vs near vision

A

distant vision - > lense flattens, ciliary muscles relaxed

near vision - > lense is more rounded/thickens, ciliary muscles contract (moving closer to lens) and suspensary ligamens relax

44
Q

Properties of the Retina

A
  • > covers 3/4 of the posterior eyeball
  • > houses the optic disc, macula lutea and peripheral retina
45
Q

optic disc

A
  • > optic nerve exiting back of eyeball = optic disc
  • > has no photoreceptors (light bouces off and not absorbed) and it the “blind spot”
46
Q

What is the macula lutea

A

rounded, yellowish region lateral to optic disc (directly behind lens) which has highest proportion of cones and some rods, making it the area of sharpest vision within the eye

47
Q

What is the peripheral retina

A
  • > remaining regions of the eye that aren’t the macula lutea which is primarily rods which are black/white receptors, functions most effectively in low light
  • > look off to the side to see better in the dark
48
Q

Layers of the retina

A
  1. Pigmented layer (non visual portion)
    - > absorbs stray light and helps keep image clear
  2. Neural Layer (3 layers of neurons)
    - > photoreceptor layer
    - > bipolar neuron layer
    - > ganglion neuron layer
49
Q

Cones vs Rods

A

Rods - > way more rods than cones, black/white photoreceptors, responsible for dim light vision

Cones - > colour vision

50
Q

What makes up the cavities of the interior of the eyeball

A

(anterior to lense)

  • > filled with aqueous humor (continuously drained)
  • > anterior chamber (above iris)
  • > posterior chamber (above lens under pupil)

(posterior to lens)

  • > filled with vitrous fluid (cannot be replaced/replenished)
51
Q

Aqueous Humor

A
  • > contiually produced by the ciliary body
  • > water-like substance
  • > drained by canal of schlemm (scleral venous sinus)
52
Q

glaucoma

A
  • > problem with drainage of the aqueous humor
  • > increases intraorbital pressure and can lead to blindness
53
Q

vitrous fluid

A
  • > formed during embryonic developement
  • > cannot be replenished
  • > jelly-like substance
  • > “floaters” are debris in vitreous body of older ppl
54
Q

Optic chiasm

A

X-shaped structure formed by the crossing of the optic nerves in the brain, connects brain to the eyes

Human Anatomy (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions