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Human Anatomy > Lecture 2 - The Cell > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up a prototypical cell?

A
  • > Plasma (cell) membrane
  • > Cytoplasm
  • > Nucleus
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2
Q

What are the two molecular components of the plasma membrane (and other membranes)

A
  • > Lipides

- > Proteins

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3
Q

Main function of cell membrane

A

serves as a selective physical & chemical barrier which decides what comes in/goes out

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4
Q

What are the three types of lipides in membranes?

A
  • > Phospholipids (polar & non polar ends)
  • > Cholesterol (strengthens and stabilizes cell wall)
  • > Glycolipides (have carbohydrates attached)
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5
Q

Polar heads and non-Polar ends: Soluble or not?

A

Polar heads are hydrophilic and non-polar tails are hydrophobic

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6
Q

What does cholesterol do

A

holds together the phospholipid bilayer

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7
Q

What are the general functions of the cell membrane

A
  • > Communication
  • > Intercellular connection
  • > Physical barrier
  • > Selective permeability
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8
Q

What are the PROTEIN SPECIFIC functions of the cell membrane?

A 
Transport
Intercellular connection
Anchors the cytoskeleton
Enzyme activity 
Cell–cell recognition
Signal transduction
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9
Q

What are the two types of transport across the cell membrane?

A
  • > Passive transport; does not require energy from the cell and moves with concentration gradient (diffusion)
  • > Active Transport; uses ATP materials move against concentration gradient
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10
Q

Exocytosis vs Endocytosis

A

Exocytosis
- > uses vesicle, which fuses to membrane, to EXPEL materials
Endocytosis
- > bring materials into cell via membrane/ vesicle fusion

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11
Q

What makes up the cytoplasm

A
  • > Cytosol
  • > Inclusions
  • > Organelles
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12
Q

What is cytosol?

A

A syrup-like gel that contains many dissolved substances

NOT LIPIDES

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13
Q

What are inclusions?

A

large storage products

- > where melanin is stored

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14
Q

What are the two types of organelles?

A

Membrane bound and Non-membrane bound

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15
Q

Name all membrane bound organelles

A
  • > ER
  • > Golgi apparatus
  • > Lysosomes
  • > Peroxisomes
  • > mitochondria
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16
Q

Functions of smooth ER

A
  • > synthesis, transportation and storage of LIPIDES
  • > Metabolizes carbohydrates
  • > detox drugs, alcohol and poison
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17
Q

Functions of rough ER

A

LINED WITH RIBOSOMES

  • > synthesizes, transports and stores PROTEIN for:
  • creation of lysosomes
  • secretion by the cell
  • incorporation into the plasma membrane
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18
Q

Main function of the Golgi apparatus

A

To receive proteins and lipides from R/S ER for modification, sorting & packaging

19
Q

What are the names for each of the regions of the Golgi apparatus and what do they do

A

cis-face (closer to nucleus)
- > receives proteins
trans-face (further away)
- > ships proteins

20
Q

Three protein pathways once exiting the Golgi apparatus after modification

A
  1. Vesicle contents are secreted from the cell (exocytosis)
  2. Vesicle contents are incorporated into the plasma membrane
  3. Vesicle is transported to lysosome
21
Q

What are lysosomes

A

Organelles which contain enzymes used to digest and remove waste products and damaged organelles within the cell (autophagy)

22
Q

What is autolysis

A

When a cell is dying, the lysosomal membrane breaks down and releases its digestive enzymes, digesting itself

23
Q

Peroxisome

A

Break down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into oxygen and water

24
Q

Mitochondria main function

A

to produce ATP on the cristae

25
Q

What is a cristae and how does it benefit the mitochondria

A

fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondria, the fold allows the mitochondria to increase its surface area, allowing it to produce more ATP

26
Q

Main function of ribosomes

A

protein creation

27
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes?

A
  • > Free ribosomes (floating in cytoplasm)

- > Fixed ribosomes (fixed in position, attached to RER)

28
Q

What are the three main protein types in the cytoskeleton. Name from smallest to biggest

A
  • > microfilaments
  • > intermediate filaments
  • > microtubules
29
Q

Main functions on microfilaments

A
  • > To maintain and change cell shape

- > help with muscle contractions and cellular division

30
Q

Main functions of Intermediate filament

A
  • > Provides structural support and stabilizes junctions between cells
    ie. when you rub your skin there’s some give but chunks don’t come off
31
Q

Main functions of microtubules

A
  • > fix organelles in place
  • > Maintain shape and rigidity
  • > direct movement of organelles
  • > allow cell motility (cilia & flagella)
32
Q

What are cilia?

A

hair-like structures which sway to move objects across the surface of the cell

33
Q

What is a flagella

A

tail like structure used to propel the cell

ie. sperm

34
Q

What are microvilli?

A

similar to cilia but they DO NOT MOVE/SWAY and they are extensions of the cell used to increase (usually digestive cells) surface area to increase absorption of food

35
Q

matrix

A

the fluid contained in the mitochondria

36
Q

Glycocalyx

A

carbohydrate-enriched coating that covers the outside of many eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells

37
Q

Phase of the cell cycle where the cell spends most of its life

A

interphase; resting, prep for cell division

38
Q

When does the cell divide

A

During the mitotic phase (PMAT)

39
Q

nucleoli

A

responsible for making the components of the small and large units of the ribosome

40
Q

What does the nuclear envelope do?

A

Controls the of the molecules leaving/entering the nucleus

41
Q

Nuclear pores

A

They are selectively permeable channels that allow molecules in/out of the nucleus

42
Q

chromatin vs chomosomes

A

chromosomes are tightly packed/coiled chromatin

43
Q

centrosomes vs centrioles

A

each centrosome is made up of two centrioles; The centrosome directs the movements of the chromosomes when a cell divides, and the centrioles help create the spindle of threads used to pull the chromosomes apart

Human Anatomy (22 decks)

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