Lecture 8 - Disturbances of growth (Dr. Craft) Flashcards
__ disturbances of growth are in utero or during growth
developmental
__ disturbances of growth can be reversible (non-neoplastic) or irreversible changes (neoplastic)
aquired
__ is the complete absence of an organ and associated primordium
agenesis
__ is the absence of an organ due to failure of growth of the existing primordium
aplasia
__ is the absence of an opening, usually of a hollow organ
atresia
__ is failure to develop to normal size
hypoplasia
hypoplasia can be secondary to in utero viral infection, give 2 examples
cerebellar hypoplasia and Feline panleukopenia virus
congenital dsyhormonogenetic goiter is an example of
hyperplasia
give 3 examples of aplasia discussed
- SCID foals (Arabian)
- Calf epitheliogenesis imperfecta/aplasia cutis
- bovine segmental uterine aplasia
- canine segmental aplasia of epididymis
Why is SCID in arabian foals an example of aplasia
it is a lymphoid aplasia, lack lymphocytes but have the precursors to make them
what is the condition where a calf has exposed dermis and lacks skin in a certain region due to no it just not being produced there (aplasia)
aplasia cutis or calf epitheliogenesis imperfecta
example of atresia in pigs
atresia coli (right side is the distal terminal colon)
hypoplasia is most commonly caused by __ in vet med
in utero viral infections (FIP, BVD)
example of hypoplasia effecting teeth
enamel hypoplasia
developmental is most common but can be viral induced (canine distemper) or caused by hyperthermia
viral induced hypoplasia in cat
cerebral hypoplasia from feline panleukopenia virus
viral induced hypoplasia in cow
cerebrellar hypoplasia from bovine viral diarrhea
example of hypoplasia in yearling ram
small testicles
cosmetic hypoplasia in lamacha goats
auricular hypoplasia (small ears)
__ are reversible functional and structural responses to changes in physiologic stress (pregnancy) and some pathologic stimuli
adaptations
5 ways tissues adapt
- hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
- atrophy
- metaplasia
- dysplasia
__ is increase in CELL SIZE resulting from increased production of cellular proteins, often in response to increase __
hypertrophy, workload (pregnancy, cardiac hypertrophy)
what is the main cellular adaption in cells not capable or with limited ability for cell division (cardiac myocytes)
hypertrophy
tissues (other than the heart) that undergo hypertrophy are often accompanied by ___ too
hyperplasia
what is the only congenital heart issue discussed that is an example of hypertrophy (others were aquired, not congenital)
tetralogy of fallot
pulmonic stenosis, hypertension, hyperthyroidism can all cause the heart to
hypertrophy (increase cell size)
__ is an increase in CELL NUMBERS, cells that undergo this must be able to __
hyperplasia, divide (endometrium, liver, BM)
excess or inappropriate actions of hormones or GF causing hyperplasia is an example of physiologic or pathologic hyperplasia
pathologic
an enlarged utter for milk would be physiologic
The burrowing parasite Ostertagia causing “moroccan leather” in bovine abomassum causes __
gastric gland hyperplasia (characteristic “bumps”)
bovine __ can cause lesions of hyperplasic mucosal epithelial cells on the tongue and esophagus (bumps, lumps)
papillomavirus
__ are nodules of hyperplastic regenerating hepatocytes and fibrosis as resulting in hepatic loss
cirrhosis (bubbly nodular liver)
Incidental findings of nodular hyperplasia on liver and pancreas can be confused with _ on US
Neoplasm (hyperplasia is controlled growth, the “normal” architecture is still present)
lymphoid hyprplasia in dog urinary bladder
chronic follicular cystitis (from chronic inflammation like diabetes
what is normal response to LN fighting infection
lymphoid hyperplasia
__ is hormone driven and make a good place for bacteria to hid in the uterus = potential pyometra
cystic endometrial hyperplasia
__ is a dz where hyperplasia and hypertrophy occur causing a granular appearance to the stomach due to an unknown cause. Mass effect causes block of pylorus. clinical signs include wt loss, diarrhea, vomiting, hypoproteinemia. seen in beagles, boxers, bull terriers, basenji.
chronic giant hypertrophic gastropathy
__ dz in dogs caused by a primary pituitary adenoma that increases ACTH causing bilateral adrenal cortical hyperplasia and hypertrophy
cushing’s
__ is decreased cell and organ size caused by disuse or decrease in nutrient supply, loss of endocrine stimulation, or pressure.
atrophy
atrophy can progress to cell death by
apoptosis
german shepards are the poster child for
exocrine pancreatic atrophy
__ is caused by co-infection of bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasturella multocida
atrophic rhinitis (loss of nasal turbinates)
__ is condition in horse caused by recurrent laryngeal neuropathy effecting the LEFT cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m.
laryngeal hemiplasia/roaring = atrophy
__ causes renal cortical and medullary atrophy
hydronephrosis
pituitary adenoma causes lack of hormone secretion = __
adrenal gland atrophy
___ caused by giving too much corticosteroids = decrease use of coritcal cells = atrophy (very thin adrenal cortex)
iatorgenic hyperadrenocorticism
__ is reversible change in phenotype of different cells in resonse to chronic irritation (ie. columnar to squamous epithlieum)
metaplasia (if it is not reversible then it’s neoplasia)
__ is disordered growth, loss of uniformity of cell and loss of orientation, pleomorphism (variation in shape and size), increased mitoses
dysplasia
dysplasia is most common in __ tissue
epithelial
if a dysplasia is full thickness (= NOT REVERSIBLE) but does not extend past the basement membrane then it’s called
carcinoma in situ (dysplasia “flirting” with neoplasia)
Can a full thickness dysplasia be reversed
NO, it’s a tumor now
dysplasia may be precursor to __ transformation
malignant
dysplasia is __ if it is not full thickness and the inciting cause is removed
reversible
