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General Pathology > Lecture 4: Inflammation > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

__ is the process of reaction of living vascularized tissue to injury

A

inflammation

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2
Q

Sometimes inflammation can induce tissue damage but normally it is beneficial in what 2 ways

A

destroys invaders and prepares injured tissue for repair

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3
Q

3 main events of blood vessels during inflammation

A
  1. increased blood flow
  2. increased vascular permeability
  3. leukocytic exudation through vessels
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4
Q

2 types of repair

A

regeneration and scarring/fibrosis

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5
Q

__ is the replacement by cells of the same type and __ is the replacement by c.t.

A

regeneration, scarring/fibrosis

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6
Q

5 signs of acute inflammation

A
  1. rubor (redness)
  2. tumor (swelling)
  3. calor (heat)
  4. dolor (pain)
  5. loss of function (functio laesa)
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7
Q

the calor/heat is due to the release of mediators __ and __

A

IL1 and prostaglandin

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8
Q

what causes the rubor/redness of inflammation

A

hyperemia

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9
Q

what causes the tumor/swelling during inflammation

A

increased vascular permeability

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10
Q

what causes the dolor/pain during inflammation

A

stimulation of free nerve endings

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11
Q

What regulates the process of inflammation

A

chemical mediators

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12
Q

3 mediators of inflammation from PLASMA

A
  1. kinins; bradykinin
  2. complement fragments: C5a
  3. coagulation/fibrinolytic products
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13
Q

4 mediators of inflammation from TISSUE/CELLS

A
  1. Vasoactive amines: histamine, serotonin
  2. prostaglnadins and leukotrienes: PGE2 and LTB4
  3. Cytokines/chemokines: TNFalpha, IL1, IL8, MIP1
  4. nitric oxide
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14
Q

3 steps to leukocytes exiting a BV

A
  1. Margination
  2. adhesion and migration
  3. chemotaxis and activation
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15
Q

What initially happens to blood vessel after damage occurs

A

transient vasoconstriction (neurally mediated, lasts only seconds)

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16
Q

Post injury, After neural vasoconstriction of BV that last only a few seconds what happens next?

A

chemical mediated vasodilation that lasts minutes to days

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17
Q

chemical mediators of vasodilation

A

PGE2, Histamine, NO

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18
Q

5 mechanisms to increased vascular permeability

A
  1. endothelial contraction (histamine)
  2. direct endothelial injury (burn)
  3. leukocyte-endothelial injury
  4. increased transcytosis
  5. endothelial prolif and leak
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19
Q

__ is the most common way permeability is increased

A

endothelial contraction

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20
Q

edothelial cells contract when stimulated by histamine and leukotrienes causing __in venules = increased perm

A

gaps

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21
Q

__ is mostly in venules and pulmonary capillaries, it is a late response and is long-lived 9hours)

A

leukocyte-dependent injuy

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22
Q

transcytosis increasing vascular perm is caused by

A

VEGF (vascular endothelial derived growth factor)

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23
Q

describe the 4 steps in leukocyte migration

A
  1. margination
  2. rolling
  3. adhesion
  4. transmigration
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24
Q

leukocytic events during acute inflammation occur in

A

venules and capillaries

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25
Q

Leukocyte margination and rolling is mediated by expresson of __ on endothelial cells and ___ on leukocyte

A

selectin (E and P), sialyl-lewis X modified glycoprotein

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26
Q

mediators like __ and __ upregulate expression of e-selecting and activate leukocytes to express high affinity integrins (LFA or MAC)

A

TNF alpha and IL1

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27
Q

important factors involved in leukocytic margination and rolling

A
  1. selectins
  2. sialyl-lewis X mod glycoprotein
  3. TNF alpha
  4. IL1
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28
Q

leukocyte adhesion is mediated by

A

adhesion molecules

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29
Q

endothelial cell adhesion molecules

A

ICAM1 and VCAM1 (Ig superfamily proteins)

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30
Q

leukocyte integrins that allow for adhesion to ICAM and VCAM

A

LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18)
Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18)
VLA4
(Heterodimeric proteins)

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31
Q

cytokines like __ and __ and chemokines like __ upregulate high-affinity integrin expression on leukocytes

A

TNF alpha, IL1, IL8

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32
Q

What mediates leukocyte transmigration?

A

PECAM1 (CD31) (homophilic adhesion molecule)

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33
Q

Stopped at

A

video of rolling p. 13

34
Q

summary of neutrophils: __ allows rolling, __ allows firm attachment, and __ allows transmigration

A

selectins, integrins, CD31 (PECAM)

35
Q

2 leukocyte adhesion deficiencies due to genetic mutations in integrins and selectins? which one is recognized in animals?

A

LAD1 Integrins and LAD2 selectins

LAD1 has been identified in animals!

36
Q

In holstein cattle __ is mutation in CD18 integrin that binds to intercellular adhesion molecule = altered expression of CD18 so neutrophils cannot adhere and transmigrate, these calves die quickly

A

BLAD - bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency

37
Q

BLAD in cattle is a mutation in __ causing neutrophils to be “trapped” in bloodstream unable to adhere and exit

A

CD18 integrin

38
Q

BLAD causes decraesed survival due to __ and __ as neutrophils cannot respond to infection by bacteria and fungi

A

enteritis and pneumonia

39
Q

There is a similar disease to BLAD that is a CD18 missense mutaiton in __ dogs

A

irish setter dogs

40
Q

__ is cell migration along a concentration gradient of chemical mediator

A

chemotaxis

41
Q

__ is random migration stimulated by a mediator

A

chemokinesis

42
Q

most inflammatory reactions in the early stages are characterized by infultration of

A

neutrophils - fast, release and respond to wide array of mediators, very motile, effective killer of bacteria

43
Q

what are the first cells to respond?

A

neutrophils

44
Q

neutrophils and macrophages release ___ and __ which can induce tissue damage

A

superoxide anion and lysosomal enzymes

45
Q

__ are less motile, long lived cells derived from monocytes or local division

A

macrophages

46
Q

macrophages form __ and __ cells

A

epithelioid and multinucleated

47
Q

__ move from the blood and develop into macrophages in the tissue

A

monocytes

48
Q

__ modulate inflammatory, immune, and repair through lots of mediators and cytokines

A

macrophages

49
Q

eosinophils have protein __ that can kill helminths

A

major basic protein

50
Q

eosinophils are important in many __ diseases and __

A

hypersensitivity dz and mediates tissue damage in chronic reactions

51
Q

__ prolongs eosinophil tissue survival

A

IL5

52
Q

__ are derived from BM and local division, they are important mediators of hypersensitivity dz

A

mast cells

53
Q

mast cells contain important mediators __ and __ and are a major source of

A

histamine, serotonin, leukotrienes, cytokines, chemokines

54
Q

__ are critical regulatro/effector of Ag driven inflammatory process, they produce Ab and cytokines

A

lymphocytes

55
Q

6 inflammatory cells

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. macrophages (multinucleated giants, epithelioid)
  3. eosinophils
  4. lymphocytes
  5. mast cells
  6. platelets - the forgotten one!
56
Q

3 important things platelets release to aid in inflamm response

A
  1. vasoactive amine: serotonin
  2. PAF
  3. Growth factors: PDGF, TGF beta, FGF
57
Q

__ ddx is based solely on morphology

A

morphologic (chronic diffuse granulomatous enteritis)

58
Q

___ ddx includes causative agent

A

etiologic (intestinal mycobacteriosis, intestinal paratuberculosis)

59
Q

__ is the specific agent causing the dz

A

cause (mycobacterium avium subspp paratuberculosis )

60
Q

name of the disease caused by mycobacterium avium subspp paratuberculosis

A

Johne’s dz

61
Q

4 things needed for morphological classification

A
  1. duration: acute, subacute, chronic
  2. distribution: focal, multifocal, locally-extensive diffuse
  3. type of exudate: serous, fibrinous, suppurative, eosinophilic, hemorrhagic, necrotizing, mixed etc.
  4. tissue involved: hepatitis, nephritis, etc.
62
Q

__ is considered hours to days in duration, there are changes in vessel perm and flow allowing leukocyte exudation

A

acute

63
Q

__ takes 7-10 days, tissue cells proliferate, but ther is no fibrosis or scarring

A

subacute

64
Q

__ is beyond 10 days and is marked by firbosis or scarring

A

chronic

65
Q

__ refers to an exudate dominated by fibrin, __ refers to scarring/repair marked by firbosis (proliferation of fibroblasts laying down collagen) (i.e. pig with

A

fibrinous exudate, fibrous

66
Q

__ exudates are dominated by large number of neutrophils responding to bacterial infection (i.e. rabbit uterus or brain abscess caused by Pasturellosis)

A

suppurative (similar to purulent) see lots of neutrophils microscopically

67
Q

__ is a collection of suppurative or purulent exudate (ie. rabbit with chronic focal suppurative encephalitis due to pasturellosis)

A

abscess

68
Q

__ exudate occurs commonly on peritoneal pleura or mucosal surfaces, hyperemia of surosal surfaces with red to grey thick exudate with sheets of fibrin. commonly seen with bacterial infections

A

fibrinopurulent exudate

69
Q

__ exudate may result in a green sheen grossly and histologically is seen with parasite or allergic reactions

A

eosinophilic

70
Q

__ exudate is characterized by hemorrhaging and inflammatory cells (i.e. pig intestine with lisonia infection or dog with parvo)

A

hemorrhagic

71
Q

__ has a characteristic segmental hemorrhagic enteritis associated with it

A

parvovirus

72
Q

__ exudate is associated with dry pale muscle (ie. clostridium infection)

A

necrotic

73
Q

__ infection you see necrotic exudate and GAS BUBBLES which are characteristics of this infection due to bacteria exotoxins lysing cell membrane and causing necrosis

A

clostridium

74
Q

multi-focal necrotic and hemorrhagic exudate lesions that look like “bullseyes” characteristic of __ infection in ruminants

A

mycotic rumenitis/omasitis/abomasitis

75
Q

__ exudate involves all modifiers of tissue, clotting factors leak from vessels (salmonella)

A

fibrinonecrotic

76
Q

fibrinonecrotic exudate casts passed in feces of cattle is characteristic for _ infection

A

salmonella

77
Q

__ is an injury that damages the overlying epithelium but does not go through the basement membrane

A

erosion

78
Q

__ is an injury that damages the epithelium and goes through the basement membrane

A

ulcer

79
Q

cow with acute multifocal erosive stomatitis and esophagitis would be an example of ___ infection

A

bovine viral diarrhea infection

80
Q

an example of ___ exudate can be seen with viral and parasitic dz in cattle where Ag reaction causes raised multifocal bumpy lesions. An example of this is the paraiste __ in cattle which burrows and causes chronic multi focal abomasitis

A

lyphocytic, ostertagia

81
Q

__ inflammation is seen with parasitic infections with __ where there is an acute inflammatory response causing TISSUE PROLIFERATION

A

hyperplastic, coccidiosis (raised bumps like ostertagia)

82
Q

__ inflammation is macrophage dominated and almost always is chronic

A

granulomatous (hamburger/brain looking intestines and enlarged ln’s)

General Pathology (14 decks)

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