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General Pathology > Lecture 5 - Inflammation, Chemical Mediators > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Inflammation, Chemical Mediators Flashcards

1
Q

mediators for vasodilation

A

PGE2, Histamine, NO

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2
Q

Mediators for vascular permeability

A
  1. histamine
  2. C3a, C5a
  3. bradykinin
  4. leukotriens C4, D4, E4, PAF
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3
Q

mediators of chemotaxis/activation

A
  1. chemokins (IL8
  2. C5a
  3. LTB4
    4 microbial products
  4. fibrinopeptides

1-3 are POTENT CHEMOTAXIS for neuts

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4
Q

mediators of fever

A

IL1, TNF alpha, PGE2

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5
Q

mediators of pain

A

bradykinin and PGE2

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6
Q

Mediators of tissue damage

A

lysosomal enzymes, oxygen radicals

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7
Q

__ is where one mediator can stimulate release of other mediators, mediators functions also __

A

amplifcation, overlap/redundant

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8
Q

what is important fact about mediators that is important in down regulating them

A

short lived

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9
Q

hageman factor (12) activates __

A

prekallikrein to kallikrein

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10
Q

kallikrein cleaves kininogen to __

A

bradykinin (remember kallikrein also activates plasmin for fibrionlysis)

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11
Q

__ acts to vasodilate, increase vascular permeability (leaky vessels), stimulates free nerve endings for PAIN, smooth muscle contraction

A

bradykinin

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12
Q

__ is complement fragment that is important for CHEMOTAXIS of neutrophils, mast cell degranulation, increased vascular perm

A

C5a

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13
Q

__ is complement fragment that increases vascular permeability

A

C3a (AND C5a)

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14
Q

__ is the most potent chemotaxtic substance for neutrophils

A

C5a

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15
Q

thrombin acts on fibrinogen to conver to fibrin and fibrinopeptides that are __

A

chemotaxtic for neuts and macs

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16
Q

Hageman factor (12) allows formation of __ and __ mediators and __ chemotaxins

A

bradykinin, C3a, fibrinopeptides

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17
Q

3 mediators from plasma

A

bradykinin, complement fragments, fibrionpeptides

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18
Q

what are the vasoactive amines

A

histamine and serotonin

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19
Q

sources of histamine

A

mast cells, basophils, platelets

20
Q

histamine’s actions

A

vasodilation, increased venular perm, bronchial/smooth muscle contraction

21
Q

leukotrienes (LTB) and prostaglandins are metabolites of

A

arachidonic acid

22
Q

__ is important simulator of PAIN and inducer of FEVER

A

PGE2

23
Q

__ and __ are cycloooxygenase products of arachdonic acid that increase vascular flow and perm = leaky vessels

A

PGE2 and PGD2

24
Q

__ causes smooth m contraction in some tissues

A

PGD2

25
Q

__ is one of the MOST POTENT neutrophil chemotaxis substances

A

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4)

26
Q

Leukotriene B4 is chemokinesis for

A

macrophages

27
Q

leukotrienes __ __ __ increase vascular perm and cause smooth m contraction

A

C4/D4/E4

28
Q

cytokine __ comes from T cells and NK cells and is stimulated by Ag in early immune response to UPREGULATE/activate MACS

A

IFN gamma (important in type 4 hypersensativity)

29
Q

Cytokine __ comes from macs, fibroblasts, and resident cell/tissue and is stimmulated by endotoxin, bacteria, virus, protozoa, and toxins to stimulate ENDOTHELIAL cell activity

A

TNF alpha

30
Q

how does TNF alpha stimulate endothelial cell activity for leukocyte migration

A

upregulates E selectin and increases thrombogenicity

31
Q

__ chemokines are chemotactic for neutrophils and endothelial cells

A

CXC (IL8 or CXCL8, PF4)

32
Q

__ chemokines are chemotactic for lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils

A

CC (MIP or CCL3, CCL5, CCL11)

33
Q

EXAM: __ is highly chemotactic for neutrophils = one of the MOST POTENT for neutrophils (along with C5a and Leukotrein B4!!!)

A

CXCL8 or IL8

34
Q

__ chemokines bring in neutrophils

A

CXCL8 or IL8

35
Q

3 chemokines that bring in monocytes, macs, and t-lymphocytes

A
  1. CCL3/MIP
  2. CCL5/RANTES
  3. CCL7/MCP-3
36
Q

chemokine that brings in eosinophils (allergies and parasites)

A

CL11/Eotaxin

37
Q

__ is hallmark of chronic inflammation

A

fibrosis (fibroblasts, endothelial cells, collagen)

38
Q

What inflammatory cells predominate in chronic inflammation

A

macs, lymphocytes, plasma cells (+/- neuts)

39
Q

__ inflammation is dominated by macrophages

A

granulomatous

40
Q

__ is a compact and organized collection of mononuclear inflammatory cells dominated by macs

A

granuloma

41
Q

do all granulomatous inflammation lead to granuloma formation

A

no

42
Q

what stimulates granulomatous inflammation

A
  1. things that resist lysosomal degradation and/or
  2. induce T cell hypersensitivity

stimuli: inert particles (silica), lipids, waxes, resistant microorgs (mycobacteria and fungi), high molec wt, Ag inducing T cell hypersensitivity

43
Q

5 cells involved in granulomatous inflammatory reaction

A
  1. monocytes
  2. macrophages
  3. epitheloid cells
  4. multinucleated giants
  5. t lymphocytes
44
Q

3 types of granulomatous inflamm reactions

A
  1. granulomatous inflammation (macs +/1 epithelioid cells, giant cells
  2. gimple granulomas (compact organized granulomatous inflamm cell exudate)
  3. complex granulomas (granuloma with centra necrosis +/- calcification)
45
Q

what is the difference between simple and complex granuloma

A

complex granulomas have central necrosis +/- calcification

46
Q

__ hypersensitivity is cell mediated by CD4 nad CD8 T-cells (tuberculosis, contact dermatitis, transplant regection)

A

type 4

47
Q

cytokine important in activating macrophages to form epithelioid or giant cells during type 4 hypersensitivity reactions

A

IFN gamma (released by T cell)

General Pathology (14 decks)

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