Lecture 3: Circulatory Disturbances Flashcards
__ accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in interstitial and extracellular spaces or body cavities
edema
5 pathogenic mechanisms for edema
- increased hydrostatic P
- increased vascular permeability
- decreased oncotic P (hypoalbuminemia)
- lymphatic obstruction
- sodium retention in renal dz
4 pathophysiologic significances of edema
- fluid compression of adjacent structures
- diffusion/transport barrier
- alter mechanical properties of tissue
- alter cell function in tissue
4 sequelae (after effect of a dz) of edema
- resolves/returns to normal
- cell/tissue dysfunction
- fibrosis/atrophy w/ chronic edema
- death (pulmonary or cerebral edema)
__ increased volume of blood in microvascular systems associated with increased arterial inflow and/or decreased venous outflow
hyperemia
__ is due to arterial dilation
active hyperemia
__ is due to decreased venous return
hyperemia (synonymous with congestion)
__ increased volume of blood in microvascular systems associated decreased venous outflow
congestion
2 pathophysiologic significances of congestion
- increased hydrostatic pressure
2. decreased tissue perfusion
3 sequelae (after effect of a dz) of congestion
- resolves/returns to normal
- edema and hemorrhaging
- local hypoxemia w/ cell damage
__ is the escape of blood from the CV system during life
hemorrhage
3 pathogenetic mechanisms of hemorrhaging
- trauma/injury
- diapedesis (movement of WBC out of circulation)
- hemorrhagic diatheses (vessel, platelet, coagulation abnormalities/tendency to bleed)
chronic congestion of liver and decreased flow/hypoxemia through the liver is an example of
diapedesis
__ hemorrhaging consists of very small (1-2cm) pinpoint lesions
petechiae (path mech: thrombocytopenia, vasculitis, cachexic, etc)
__ hemorrhaging consists of irregular (2-3cm) diameter lesions
ecchymoses
__ hemorrhage is intermediate to petechiae and ecchymoses lesions
purpura
__ is a 3D mass of hemorrhage in TISSUE.
hematoma
Hemorrhage in cavities is named for the region: heart = __, peritoneal cavity = ___, joints = __
hemopericardium, hemoperitoneum, hemarthroses
pathophysiologic significance of hemorrhaging is determined by
location, rate, and volume of hemorrhage
3 outcomes of hemorrhaging
- systemic hypovolemia/anemia = hypoxia
- tissue ischemic injury
- space occupying lesion with compression (like edema) - can cause death (brain hematoma, aortic rupture)
3 sequelae (aftermath) discussed for hemorrhaging
- hemorrhagic anemia and death
- chronic anemia
- hemostasis (reabsorption of blood, inflammation and organization of blood clot)
__ is the process of intravascular or intracardiac formation of a clot of fibrin and platelets during life
thrombosis
Thrombosis process involves what 3 things
- vessel wall
- platelet aggregation
- coagulation
__ is a mass carried from its site of origin in the vessel wall to a distant site
embolus
___ is a clot of blood formed intravascularly after death or extravascularly during life or death
blood clot
__ is a process resulting in the termination of hemorrhage (vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, coagulation)
hemostasis
__ is the formation of a fibrin clot
coagulation
stallion that died during exercise via ruptured aorta which started clotting during the life of the animal (hemopericardium) is a __
blood clot (outside the vessel)