Lecture 8: classical and operant conditioning

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

a process based on experience and results relatively consistent change in behaviour

Question 2

classical conditioning

Answer 2

unconsciously through associations between stimuli within our environment. learning of a new association between two previously unrelated stimuli

Question 3

operant conditioning

Answer 3

learning controlled by the consequences of our behaviour. probability of recurrance is influences by previous consequences of that behaviour.
- positive consequence: more likely
- negative consequence: less likely

Question 4

reinforcement schedules

Answer 4

• continuous: after every behaviour occurance
• intermittent/partial: fixed or variable | ratio or interval

Question 5

why conditioning relevant to health care

Answer 5

• classical conditioning in chemotherapy to prevent taste aversion.
• healthy behaviours like fast food eating or smoking. also adherence or seeing a doctor at all

Question 6

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 6

any timulus that naturally elicits a relfexive response

Question 7

unconditioned response

Answer 7

the response naturally elicited by UCS

Question 8

conditioned stimulus

Answer 8

a previously neutral stimulus that is able to elicit a response after being paired with the UCS

Question 9

conditioned response

Answer 9

the response elicited by conditioned stimulus. the same as UCR

Question 10

acquisition

Answer 10

learning phase during which a conditoned response is being established. impacted by frequency and timing (UCS and CS must be seen as initially related)

Question 11

extinction

Answer 11

gradual reduction and elimination of the CR after the CS is presented repeatedly without UCS. or when reinforcement stops
–> spontaneous recoveryis when CR reappers if the CS is presented again

Question 12

stimulus generalsation

Answer 12

individual responds to stimuli that are similar to the CS

Question 13

stimulus discrimination

Answer 13

individual can differentiate between stimuli that are similar to the CS, giving no response or a less pronounced response

Question 14

conditioned taste aversion

Answer 14

when classical conditioning is applied to food, humans can do this after a single pairing with food and sickness/nausea

Question 15

thordike law of effect

Answer 15

behaviours which lead to a satisfying state of affairs are more likely to be repeated in the future

Question 16

reinforcement

Answer 16

stimulus that occurs after behaviour that increases likelihood of that behaviour reoccurring

Question 17

punishment

Answer 17

stimulus that occurs after behaviour that decreases likelihood that behaviour reoccurs

Question 18

negative vs positive in reference to punishment or reinforcement

Answer 18

positive is application of stimulus and negative is the removal of a stimulus

Question 19

extinction burst

Answer 19

initial increase in behaviour following withdrawal of reinforcement

Question 20

fixed ratio

Answer 20

reinforcement after specific number of behaviour responses

Question 21

variable ratio

Answer 21

reinforcement after variable number of behavioural responses - these are most resistant to extinction

Question 22

interval schedules

Answer 22

reinforcement is given for behaviour after an amount of time has passed (fixed or variable).