Lecture 8 Chapter 16 Flashcards
What is anemia
A reduction in capacity of blood to carry O2
Not enough/decrease in hemoglobin
Where do ved blood cells get recycled
Spleen
Which organ stores iron
Liver
What transfers iron to either spleen, liver, or bone marrow
Serum transferrin
What does protoporphryn turn into in the spleen
Biliverdin
Biliverdin turns into what due to the macrophages in the spleen
Bilirubin
Bilirubin is _______ and needs _______ because it is a _______
Not water soluble
Albumin
Carrier molecule
What is insoluble bilirubin called
Unconjugated bilirubin (indirect)
Unconjugated bilirubin needs _______ to travel to the ______ to become _______ which is _______
Glucuronic acid
Liver
Conjugated bilirubin (direct)
Water soluble
Describe the path conjugated bilirubin takes to get to the intestines
Bile —> mix with bile salts —> mix with cholesterol —> small intestine (duodenum) —> empties
Conjugated bilirubin + bacteria =
Urobilinogen
Urobilinogen + bacteria =
Stercobilinogen
What is stercobilinogen responsible for
Color of feces
Describe path that 10-15% of urobilinogen take
Gets absorbed into blood → liver → some are removed → the rest goes to the kidneys → clears blood of urobilinogen → becomes urobilin → urine
What is the most important factor in diagnosing anemia
Patient history
Symptoms of severe anemia
Fainting
Chest pain
Angina
Heart attack
Symptoms of anemia
Central: fatigue, dizziness, fainting
Eyes: yellowing
Skin: paleness, coldness, yellowing
Blood vessels: low BP
Respiratory: shortness of breath
Heart: palpitations, rapid heart rate, chest pain, angina, heart attack
Muscular: weakness
Spleen: enlargement
Intestinal: changed stool color
Normal size of red blood cells
6-8 micrometers
What is the cause of ineffective erythropolesis
Defective hemoglobin affecting lifespan of RBCs
What is the cause of insufficient erythropoiesis
Unable to make enough RBCs to have them divide (aplastic anemia)
What test is ran and what results are needed to diagnose anemia
CBC with cell indices
Reticulocyte count
Decrease in: RBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin
What test is the last resort for diagnosing anemia
Bone marrow examination
What is examined on a blood smear for an anemia lab diagnosis
RBC morphology
WBC: differential, morphology
Platelets: platelet estimate
Anemia is often a symptom of
Another disease
What is anemia with an MCV < 80 fL called
Microcytic anemia
What is anemia with an MCV 80-100 fL called
Normocytic anemia
What is anemia with an MCV > 100 fL called
Macrocytic anemia
Reasons for anemias
1) decreased production: ex parvovirus-B19 targets stem cells in BM
2) increased destruction: cells are destroyed before 120 days
3) increased blood loss
