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CLS 307 > Lab Midterm > Flashcards

Lab Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What does MCV mean and what does it reflect? What is the formula? What is the normal range?

A

Mean red blood cell volume reflects RBC diameter (volume)
Hematocrit/rbc count x 10
80-100fL

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2
Q

What does MCH mean and what does it reflect? What is the formula? What is the normal range?

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin reflects weight of hemoglobin in the average red blood cell
Hemoglobin/RBC count x 10
26-34 pg

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3
Q

What does MCHC mean? What is the formula? What is the normal range?

A

Mean cell hemoglobin concentration
Hemoglobin/hematocrit x 100
32-36 g/dL

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4
Q

What does RDW mean and what does it reflect? What is the normal range?

A

RBC distribution width reflects the degree of volume variation
12-14.5

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5
Q

What is the normal range of hematocrit and how is it calculated

A

Normal range: 40-52% for males and 35-47% for females
RBC/total volume x 100

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6
Q

Formula for calculating % retics

A

Number of retics/1000 RBC x 100

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7
Q

Formula for calculating retic index corrected? When does it get used/corrected?

A

% Retics x hematocrit/hematocrit of 45 (M) or 42 (F)
Gets used to adjust for the level of anemia to obtain a more accurate reflection of erythropoiesis

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8
Q

Calculation for reticulocyte production index (RPI)

A

Retic index (corrected)/maturation time (aka how old the sample is)

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9
Q

What is the RPI when bone marrow is not responding

A

RPI < 3

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10
Q

What is the RPI when bone marrow is responding

A

RPI > 3

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11
Q

How to calculate hemocytometer

A

Cell count x dilution factor/volume (1x1x0.1) = cells/mL

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12
Q

How to do a WBC estimation

A

Count WBCs for 10 fields at 40x
Divide by 10 to find average
Multiply by 2,000
ex: 2.5 x 2000 = 5.0x10^3/microliter

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13
Q

How to do a platelet estimation

A

Count platelets in 10 fields at 100x
Divide by 10 to find average
Multiply by 20,000
Ex: 10 x 20,000 = 200x10^3/microliter

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14
Q

What is the mentzer index and how is it calculated

A

A calculation used to differentiate between IDA and thalassemia
MCV/RBC

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15
Q

What does it mean if your mentzer index is greater than 13

A

Low RBC = IDA

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16
Q

What does it mean if your mentzer index is less than 13

A

High/increase RBC = thalassemia

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17
Q

How do you do a manual diff

A

Count 100 WBCs differentiating each kind

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18
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

G6PD deficiency
Degmacytes “bite cell”
Polychromasia
Heinz bodies (supravital stain)
Normocytic, normochromic

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19
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA)
Microcytic, hypochromic
Low ferritin
High transferrin
High TIBC
Low transferrin saturation %
High thrombocytosis

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20
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Anemia of chronic disease
Microcytic, hypochromic
High ferritin
Low transferrin
Low TIBC
Low transferrin saturation %
Common in lupus, renal disease, etc.

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21
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Sideroblastic anemia
Microcytic, hypochromic
Iron satellites
Pappenheimer bodies
Basophilic stippling
Acquired: lead poisoning
High ferritin
Low transferrin
Low TIBC
High transferrin saturation %

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22
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Megaloblastic anemia
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Ovalocytes
Macrocytic
High/normal iron, ferritin, transferrin saturation %
Elevated homocysteine (B12 breaks down homocysteine)
Could also have poikilocytosis or anisocytosis
Pancytopenia observed
B-12 = elevated methylmalonic acid (MMA)
Can’t absorb B12

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23
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Aplastic anemia
Pancytopenia (decreased all cells)
70% idiopathic
Hypocellular BM
Liver enzymes elevated
Increase serum iron
Increase transferrin saturation
Acquired: pregnancy, drug therapy, viruses (parvovirus b19/HIV)

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24
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Myelophthistic anemia
Usually caused by cancer
Dacryocytes! And nRBCS

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25
Q

Name the 3 types of and what to look for for erythrocytopenia anemias

A

Low RBC
Normocytic, normochromic
Pure Red cell aphasia
Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia
Anemia of chronic renal insufficiency (echinocytes)

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26
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Hemoglobin S (sickle cell anemia)
Normal beta 6 glutamic acid replaced by valine
High/increase retics - Polychromasia - nRBCs
Sickle cells
Target cells
Poikilocytosis
Normal MCV
Increase in RDW, WBC, platelets
Low RBC
HJ bodies, basophilic stippling, schistocytes, pappenheimer bodies

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27
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Hemoglobin C
Normal beta 6 glutamic acid replaced by lysine
Crystals - looks like rods
Normal MCV
Increase in MCHC and retics
Target cells and nRBC

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28
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Hemoglobin SC
Normal beta 6 glutamic acid replaced by valine
Amorphous crystals
Target cells and nRBCs
Some sickles may be present

29
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Hemoglobin E
Normal beta 26 glutamic acid replaced by lysine
Extremely low MCV (~55)
Microcytic, hypochromic
Target cells and nRBC

30
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

B-thalassemia
Microcytic, hypochromic
Target cells, nRBC, basophilic stippling
Poikilocytosis
Major = 100x worse than minor + anisocytosis
Decrease in retics
Increase in ferritin; decrease in transferrin
Minor = normal RDW

31
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Alpha - thalassemia
Hemoglobin H
Microcytic, hypochromic
Poikilocytosis
Target cells, nRBC
Increase in ferritin; decrease in transferrin
Minor = normal RDW
Beta tetramere
Missing 3 alpha genes
Can be seen with supravital stain

32
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Alpha-thalassemia (major)
Bart’s hemoglobin
Missing all 4 alpha genes
Won’t survive (still born)

33
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Hereditary spherocytosis
Spherocytes predominate
Increase in reticulocytes
Mutation in vertical protein

34
Q

What is the most common inherited aplastic anemia and what does it look like

A

Fanconi anemia
Maltese crossed chromosomes
Short stature, deformed fingers, mental retardation, microsephaly
Can’t repair DNA properly

35
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Hereditary elliptocytosis
Elliptocytes predominate (100%)
No poikilocytosis
Mutation in horizontal

36
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Pyropoikilocytosis
Poikilocytosis where elliptocytes predominate

37
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Hereditary stomatocytosis
>50%
Ion imbalance

38
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA)
Thrombocytopenia - platelet clots throughout body
Schistocytes, nRBC
Intravascular
Anisocytosis, polychromasia
Petechiae indicates internal bleeding/clotting

39
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Thermal injury (burn patients)
Spherocytes and poikilocytes

40
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Malaria
Ring, throphozoite, schizont, gametocyte
Spread via mosquito

41
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Babesia microti
Maltese crosses
Spread via tick

42
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Trypanosoma brucei
From Africa
Transmitted via fly
Causes African sleeping sickness

43
Q

Name the disease and what to look for

A

Trypanosoma cruzi
From central /south America
Transmitted via kissing bug
Dense chromatin tip
Causes chagas disease

44
Q

Study

45
Q

Name the disease/condition:
Degmacytes “bite cell’
Polychromasia
Heinz bodies (supravital)
Normocytic, normochromic

A

G6PD deficiency

46
Q

Name the disease/condition:
Microcytic, hypochromic
Low ferritin
High transferrin
High TIBC
Low transferrin saturation %
High thrombocytosis

A

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA)

47
Q

Name the disease/condition:
Microcytic, hypochromic
High ferritin
Low transferrin
Low TIBC
Low transferrin saturation %
Common in lupus, renal disease, etc.

A

Anemia of chronic disease

48
Q

Name the disease/condition:
Microcytic, hypochromic
Iron satellites
Pappenheimer bodies
Basophilic stippling
Acquired: lead poisoning
High ferritin
Low transferrin
Low TIBC
High transferrin saturation %

A

Sideroblastic anemia

49
Q

Name the disease/condition:
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Ovalocytes
Macrocytic
High/normal iron, ferritin, transferrin saturation %
Elevated homocysteine (B12 breaks down homocysteine)
Could also have poikilocytosis or anisocytosis
Pancytopenia observed
B-12 = elevated methylmalonic acid (MMA)
Can’t absorb B12

A

Megaloblastic anemia

50
Q

Name the disease/conditions:
Pancytopenia (decreased all cells)
70% idiopathic
Hypocellular BM
Liver enzymes elevated
Increase serum iron
Increase transferrin saturation
Acquired: pregnancy, drug therapy, viruses (parvovirus b19/HIV

A

Aplastic anemia

51
Q

Name the disease/condition:
Usually caused by cancer
Dacryocytes! And nRBCS

A

Myelophthistic anemia

52
Q

Name the disease/condition:
Normal beta 6 glutamic acid replaced by valine
High/increase retics - Polychromasia - nRBCs
Sickle cells
Target cells
Poikilocytosis
Normal MCV
Increase in RDW, WBC, platelets
Low RBC
HJ bodies, basophilic stippling, schistocytes, pappenheimer bodies

A

Hemoglobin S (sickle cell anemia)

53
Q

Name the disease/condition:
Normal beta 6 glutamic acid replaced by lysine
Crystals - looks like rods
Normal MCV
Increase in MCHC and retics
Target cells and nRBC

A

Hemoglobin C

54
Q

Name the disease/condition:
Normal beta 6 glutamic acid replaced by valine
Amorphous crystals
Target cells and nRBCs
Some sickles may be present

A

Hemoglobin SC

55
Q

Name the disease/condition:
Normal beta 26 glutamic acid replaced by lysine
Extremely low MCV (~55)
Microcytic, hypochromic
Target cells and nRBC

A

Hemoglobin E

56
Q

Name the disease/condition:
Microcytic, hypochromic
Target cells, nRBC, basophilic stippling
Poikilocytosis
Major = 100x worse than minor + anisocytosis
Decrease in retics
Increase in ferritin; decrease in transferrin
Minor = normal RDW

A

B-thalassemia

57
Q

Name the disease/condition:
Microcytic, hypochromic
Poikilocytosis
Target cells, nRBC
Increase in ferritin; decrease in transferrin
Minor = normal RDW
Beta tetramere
Missing 3 alpha genes
Can be seen with supravital stain

A

Alpha-thalassemia
Hemoglobin H

58
Q

Name the disease/condition:
Missing all 4 alpha genes
Won’t survive (still born)

A

Alpha - thalassemia
Bart’s hemoglobin

59
Q

Name the disease/condition:
Spherocytes predominate
Increase in reticulocytes
Mutation in vertical protein

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

60
Q

Name the disease/condition:
Elliptocytes predominate (100%)
No poikilocytosis
Mutation in horizontal

A

Hereditary elliptocytosis

61
Q

Name the disease/condition:
Poikilocytosis where elliptocytes predominate

A

Pyropoikilocytosis

62
Q

Name the disease/condition:
Stomatocytes >50%
Ion imbalance

A

Hereditary stomatocytosis

63
Q

Name the disease/condition:
Thrombocytopenia - platelet clots throughout body
Schistocytes, nRBC
Intravascular
Anisocytosis, polychromasia
Petechiae indicates internal bleeding/clotting

A

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA)

64
Q

Name the disease/condition:
Burn patient
Spherocytes and poikilocytes

A

Thermal injury

65
Q

Name the disease/condition:
Ring, throphozoite, schizont, gametocyte
Spread via mosquito

66
Q

Name the disease/condition:
Maltese crosses
Spread via tick

A

Babesia microti

67
Q

Name the disease/condition:
From Africa
Transmitted via fly
Causes African sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei

68
Q

Name the disease/condition:
From central /south America
Transmitted via kissing bug
Dense chromatin tip
Causes chagas disease

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

69
Q

How do you calculate dilution factor

A

Volume of specimen/total volume

CLS 307 (21 decks)

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