Lecture 1 Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is hematology
The study of blood cells
How much blood does the average male possess
5L
What does blood transfer?
Oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues
What is the liquid portion of blood called
Plasma
Why are blood cells red?
They contain iron
When do RBCs contain a nucleus and when do they not
RBCs have a nucleus in bone marrow and lose it when going to the matrix
When and who gave an account of RBCs and improved the microscope?
1674 Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
When and who described platelets as petite plaques
1800s giulio bizzozero
When and who developed the Wright stain and opened a new world of visual examination through a microscope
1902 James Homer Wright
Who was The first person to stain a slide and use color
James Homer Wright
Describe the shape of a RBC
A non-nucleated biconcave disc
What protein are RBCs filled with
Hemoglobin
What is the normal diameter of RBCs
6 to 8 microns
What is the purpose of the RBCs shape
Biconcave disc allows for movement in small spaces
Name the five things found in a blood sample
Plasma, leukocytes, platelets, erythrocytes, hematocrit
What are the two possibilities for low/decreasing hematocrit
1) something is destroying RBCs
2) bone marrow is not producing RBCs
What are young RBCs that contain RNA called?
Reticulocytes
Why do cells stain slightly blue-gray with a Wright stain
Presence of RNA
A more blue-gray cell from a Wright stain is called
Polychromasia
What does it mean it there is an increase of Reticulocytes in peripheral blood
Bone marrow is responding appropriately to anemia
A ratio of packed volume of RBCs to the volume of whole blood is called
Hematocrit
What is the rule of 3
RBC x3 = hemoglobin x3 = hematocrit
What reflects RBC diameter (volume) on a wright-stained smear
Mean red blood cell volume (MCV)
Cells with MCV < 80
Microcytic
Cells with MCV 80-100
Normocytic
Cells with MCV >100
Macrocytic
What reflects weight of hemoglobin in the average RBC
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
What reflects the concentration of hemoglobin in the average RBC
Mean cell Hgb concentration (MCHC)
What differentiates between microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemias
Mean RBC volume (MCV)
Cells with MCHC < 32
Hypochromic
Cells with MCHC 32-36
Normochromic
What differentiates between hypochromic and normochromic anemias
Mean cell Hgb concentration (MCHC)
What cells and why
Normochromic = carries more Hgb
What cell and why
Hypochromic = less Hgb
What reflects the degree of volume variation
RBC distribution width (RDW)
RBC distribution width (RDW) is seen on a wright-stained smear as a variation in the diameter, known as
Anisocytosis
If all cells are similar in size, the RDW is
Low
If some cells are little and some are big, the RDW is
High
Decreased WBC count
Leukopenia
Increased WBC count
Leukocytosis
What are the 6 types of leukocytes
Segmented neutrophils
Band neutrophils
Eosinophils
basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
An increase in neutrophils suggest
Bacterial infection
An increase in lymphocytes suggest
Viral infection
An increase in eosinophils suggest
Asthma attack or allergies
Another name for platelets
Thrombocytes
Causes of a low platelet count may include
Splenomegaly, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and bone marrow failure
Causes of a high platelet count may include
Reactive thrombocytosis (iron-deficiency anemia) and essential thrombocythemia
What is hemostasis
Stopping of bleeding
Where is fibrinogen produced and what does it get converted to
Liver and is soluble gets converted to fibrin and is not soluble
Explain how a cut heals
Fibrin strands create a mesh to stop bleeding and myosin and actin use muscle contraction to pull fibrin to close wound
Name the 2 bone marrow assays
Aspirates
Biopsies
Name the 4 cytochemical stains and what family they belong to
Myeloperoxidase stain (myeloid family)
Sudan black B stain (myeloid family)
Terminal deoxynueleotidyl transferase (tat) (lymphoblasts)
Leukocyte acid and alkaline Phosphatase (myeloid family)
What is karyotyping
Genetic testing
Philadelphia chromosome translocation
