Lecture 5 Chapter 6

Question 1

How does bacteria produce/get ATP

Answer 1

Glycolysis

Question 2

How does glycolysis work

Answer 2

Breaks down glucose to form ATP
Glucose breaks bonds to create energy

Question 3

How many ATP does glycolysis make

Answer 3

4

Question 4

How many ATP does the Kreb’s cycle make

Answer 4

34-38

Question 5

Describe the embden-meyerhof pathway

Answer 5

Question 6

What does the hexose monophosphate pathway divert

Answer 6

Diverts glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to pentose phosphate by the action of glucose - 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)

Question 7

What is the most common RBC enzyme deficiency

Answer 7

G6PD

Question 8

What are Heinz bodies

Answer 8

Only seen w/ a Supra vital stain ‘
Oxidized hemoglobin that precipitated
Tells you hemoglobin is oxidized by stain image
Yellow/gold cells with little blue dots

Question 9

What is a degmacyte

Answer 9

Aka bite cell
Seen with Wright stain
If seen = presence of Heinz bodies
Looks like a bite was taken out of it (different from a schistocyte)

Question 10

Answer 10

Degmacytes (bite cell)

Question 11

Answer 11

Heinz bodies

Question 12

What is the hemoglobin to iron ratio

Answer 12

Each hemoglobin molecule = 4 iron

Question 13

What is reduced iron called

Answer 13

Ferrous iron

Question 14

What is oxidized iron called

Answer 14

Ferric iron

Question 15

When hemoglobin is in its reduced form it can bind to

Answer 15

Oxygen

Question 16

Oxygen cannot bind to

Answer 16

Methemoglobin

Question 17

What is need to go back from Fe^3+ —> Fe^2+

Answer 17

NADPH methemoglobin reductase

Question 18

Describe the methemglobinemia mechanism

Answer 18

Question 19

What is hemoglobin M

Answer 19

A rare dominant hereditary disorder where glutamate replaces valine in position 67 on the beta chain of the hemoglobin molecule. This causes a permanently increased level of methemoglobin ranging between 15-30%. Patients are cyanotic

Question 20

Describe the rapoport-luebering pathway

Answer 20

Question 21

What is the significance of 2,3-BPG

Answer 21

Lets go of O2
Oxyhaemoglobin —> deoxyhaemoglobin

Question 22

Name 2 characteristics of the RBC membrane

Answer 22

More elastic than a rubber band
More resilient than steel

Question 23

What creates the membrane barrier and what can more through it

Answer 23

Phospholipid bilayer
Allows hydrophobic

Question 24

What cannot pass the membrane

Answer 24

Ions with charge

Question 25

How is cholesterol made

Answer 25

50% diet 50% liver

Question 26

Why don’t RBCs collide with each other

Answer 26

Glycocalyx sticks out of the membrane with a negative charge to repel each other

Question 27

What proteins run in length of the membrane

Answer 27

Horizontal proteins

Question 28

What proteins are keeping the membrane connected

Answer 28

Vertical proteins

Question 29

All wells have what to distinguish themselves

Answer 29

Glycoproteins (antigens)

Question 30

What does deformability mean

Answer 30

RBCs are able to stretch undamaged up to 2.5x their resting diameter to pass through narrow capillaries and splenic pores

Question 31

What destroys RBCs when they age and lose deformability

Answer 31

Splenic macrophages

Question 32

What is permeability

Answer 32

Balance of salt and water
Keeps shape

Question 33

What happens when too much water is consumed? Name the cell

Answer 33

Water moves across membrane into cell
Spherocyte

Question 34

What happens when there’s not enough water and too much salt? Name the cell

Answer 34

It pulls H2O out of the cell
Echinocyte

Question 35

When a cell is isotonic how full is it

Answer 35

40%