Lab Quiz 4 Flashcards
Where does a granulocyte come from, how many cell lines does it have, and name them
Bone marrow
3 cell lines
Neutrophilic, eosinophilic, basophilic
List the granulocyte lineage
Myeloblast → promyelocyte (progranulocyte) → myelocyte → metamyelocyte → band → segmented
Small cells (diameter 14um-18um)
Major part is occupied by a large oval nucleus
Chromatin is very fine, non-aggregated
2 or more nucleoli
Cytoplasm has basopholis character, devoid of granules
Myeloblast
Myeloblast
Primary (azurophilic) granules
Nucleus hidden by granules
Golgi zone and nucleoli may be visible
Approx. 2% of nucleated cells in BM
Don’t circulate in peripheral blood under normal conditions
Promyelocyte
Promyelocyte
Contain both primary and secondary/specific granules (secondary amount increases as cell matures)
Pink granules
Nucleus is round and lacks a nucleolus
Chromatin more condensed
Not normally present in peripheral blood
May be seen in infectious/inflammatory conditions, growth factor effect, marrow infiltration, and myeloid neoplasms
Myelocyte
Myelocyte
Condensed chromatin
Slightly indented nucleus
Abundant specific granules and rare primary granules
Not normally present in peripheral blood
Can be seen in infectious/inflammatory States, and other reactive and neoplastic conditions
Metamyelocyte
Metamyelocyte
Slightly less mature than segmented
Have indented, unsegmented “C” or “S” shaped nuclei
Approx. 5-10% of peripheral blood leukocytes
An increase can indicate infection and inflammation
Bands
Bands
Segmented granulocytes
Mature granulocytes with condensed chromatin
2-5 nuclear lobes separated by thin filaments
Cytoplasm = pale pink, numerous specific granules
40-80% of peripheral blood leukocytes
Segmented granulocytes
Has 6 or more nuclear lobes
Typically seen in megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 of folic acid deficiency
May also be present in myelodysplastic syndromes and rare congenital conditions
Hypersegmentation
Hypersegmentation
Rare autosomal dominant disorder
Caused by failure of nuclear segmentation due to genetic defect
Heterozygous have dumbbell-shaped or hyposegmented neutrophils with coarse chromatin and normal granules
Homozygous have neutrophils with a single, round, eccentric nucleus with clumped chromatin and no nuclear segmentation
Benign condition
Pelger-Huet anomaly
Pelger-Huet anomaly
An acquired abnormality due to myelodysplastic disorders, myeloproliferative diseases, and acute and chronic leukemia’s, reactions to drugs, and so on.
Drug induced tends to have monolobated neutrophils with a single ovoid nucleus
Myelodysplastic syndrome tends to be bi-lobed neutrophils
Pseudo Pelger-Huet anomaly
Pseudo Pelger-Huet anomaly
Autosomal dominant abnormality characterized by large pale basophilic inclusions resembling Dohle bodies which appear to be altered RNA
Giant platelets and sometimes thrombocytopenia
May-hegglin anomaly
May-hegglin anomaly
Rare autosomal recessive disorder
Partial oculocutaneous albinism due to defects in melanin granules and recurrent pyogenic bacterial infections due to abnormalities in granulocytes
Basic defect is in microtubules resulting in fusion of lysosomal granules
All WBCs contain abnormally giant granules
Azurophilic granules form and fuse together to form mega granules
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Caused by the deficiency of one of ten lysosomal enzymes and the resultant accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in tissues and organs
Evenly distributed granulocytes show metachromatic and darkly staining inclusions that resemble toxic granulation but are permanent
Gargoylism and dwarfish
Can be neurological impairments, vision, hearing, and developmental issues
Tay-sachs, Hunter syndrome
Alder-reilly anomaly
Alder-reilly anomaly
Alder-Reilly anomaly
Rare genetic disorder
Deposition of glucocerebroside in cells of the macrophage-monocyte system
Disorder results from the deficiency of the enzyme glucocerobrosidase
Lipid storage problem
Gaucher Cell
Gaucher cell
Lysosomal storage disease that affects metabolism and caused by genetic mutations
Some not able to metabolize cholesterol and other lipids property within the cell
Others have a deficiency of a specific enzyme, acid sphingomyelinase
Niemann-pick disease
Niemann-pick cells
Develop when a series of acquired genetic mutations take place within the bone marrow compartment leading to a proliferation of clones of abnormal stem cells
Myeloproliferative disorders (neoplasm)
Peripheral blood demonstrates neutrophilia with prominent left shift, eosinophilia, and basophilia
Typically numerous myelocytes and segmented neutrophils predominate
Dark primary granules, metamyolocytes, band neutrophils
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Very high WBC count and immature WBC (blasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes, and metamyelocytes)
Often have anemia or thrombocytopenia
Band neutrophils, increase in basophils and eosinophils
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Solid green arrows = atypical monocytes, they are slightly larger and show a decreased lobularity of the nucleus
Dotted green arrow = large promonocyte
Solid yellow arrows = hypogranular/agranular segmented neutrophils
Dotted yellow arrow = band neutrophil
White arrows = myelocyte with lower amount of cytoplasm
Cyan arrow= a megaloblastoid metamyelocyte with hypogranular cytoplasm
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML)
Condition where peripheral WBCs on a stained blood smear may have some resemblance to leukemia cells
High neutrophil count with more immature cells, particularly myelocytes
High leukocyte alkaline Phosphatase score
Metamyelocytes, neutrophils
Leukemoid reaction
Leukemoid reaction
What disease?
Leukemoid reaction
Used to differentiate chronic leukemia vs leukemoid reaction
An enzyme present in the secondary granules of neutrophils and not present in eosinophils or basophils
Each cell is assigned a score between 0-4 (0 = no stain retained, 4 = very dark)
Scores of each cell are added up which give a potential score 0-400
Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP)
Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase
Normal morphology
Increase in RBCs, granulocytic WBCs, platelets, hemoglobin, and hematocrit
Polycythemia Vera
Polycythemia Vera
Sustained and pronounced thrombocythemia
Increased megakaryocytes in marrow
Increased WBC, occasionally metamyelocytes and myelocytes present
Essential thrombocythemia
Essential thrombocythemia
Fibrosis of marrow cavity
Extramedullary hematopoesis
Smear may show nRBC, immature granulocytes, micromegakaryocytes
Tear drop cells
Primary myelofibrosis
Primary myelofibrosis
Acute myeloblastic leukemia, minimally differentiated
Acute myelogenous leukemia M0
Acute myeloblastic leukemia, without maturation
Acute myelogenous leukemia M1
Acute myeloblastic leukemia, with granulocytic maturation
Acute myelogenous leukemia M2
Promyelocytic, or acute promyclocytic leukemia (APL)
Acute myelogenous leukemia M3
Acute myelomonocytic leukemia
Acute myelogenous leukemia M4