Lecture 8 Flashcards
- Reflexes: i__ fixed patterns of a__ that occur in response to specific s__.
ex: g__, r__, s__, t__ n__ reflex.
innate, action, stimulation
grasping, rooting, sucking, tonic neck
Case of the disappearing reflex
•Stepping reflex “disappears” at about _ months, originally thought to be due to m__, but Thelen discovered that it never really went away
-Thelen’s research & conclusion about stepping reflex
•Disappearance of the reflex was due in part to w__ g__, chubbier babies walked __ than smaller babies and children showed reflex in __.
2, maturation
weight gain
later
pool
o Dynamic systems theory
•Children integrate attention, memory, emotions, and actions to adapt to changing environment
•Motivation is important in children learning to adapt
•Change occurs through variation and selection
•M__ development is due to dynamic systems theory
motor
oExperience matters
- Speeding up __ (sticky mittens studies)
- Motor development can be sped up by manipulating child’s e__ so that they gain certain e__ sooner
- The mittens were sticky, which allowed the child to “p__ u__” objects on their own
- This experience taught them to try r__ on their own afterwards.
reaching
environment, experiences
pick up
reaching
- Cultural differences
- Children develop d__ in different cultures because in some countries, some a__ are encouraged and others are not
•Examples:
-Children in modern China learn to crawl l__ because their mothers discourage it since it is viewed as u__.
- Infants are carried for first _ years in Ache-Paraguay
- In sub-saharan Africa, they e__ infants and so they sit up, crawl, and walk __.
- NYC diaper studies
- Diapers made of thicker materials make it h__ for children to walk, which could affect how soon they learn to walk on their o__.
differently
actions
later, unhygienic
3
exercise, faster
harder, own
•Infants build upon __ skills to gain __ ones
kicking to move mobiles-adapted when set up changed very easily
old
new
When infants can use cues to perceive depth
- Kinetic (since __): motion parallax (c__ objects appear to move f__)
- Binocular (_ months): each eye sees at a d__ a__
- Pictorial (_ months): l__ p__ (objects far away appear closer together)
- Trapezoidal window study
- Blindfolded in one eye 7 month old babies reach for the side that looks __ to them so we know they can perceive depth
birth, closer, faster
4, different angle
7, linear perspective
closest
Development of fear of heights studied using visual cliff
•Can see the depth through the glass so they don’t want to crawl over it to get to their mother
-Original study with beginning vs. experienced crawlers
•Infants adjust their mode of locomotion according to their p__ of the properties of the surface they are to travel on
•B__ crawlers didn’t perceive the depth and crossed anyway across the glass
-being able to perceive depth is not enough to a__ heights.
- Linked to experience with using p__ vision
- c__ provides experience with peripheral vision
•Social referencing: looking to __ when uncertain
- study with certainty vs. uncertainty conditions
- parent e__ used by infant in uncertain condition that was between shallow and deep.
perception
beginner
avoid
peripheral
crawling
others
expression
