Lecture 5

Question 1

Genotype:

inherited g__ m__

Answer 1

genetic material

Question 2

Phenotype:

o__ e__ of genotype

Answer 2

observable expression

Question 3

Environment:

every aspect of i__ and s__.

Answer 3

individual, surroundings

Question 4

• Gene-environment interplay
  1. Parent’s genotype to Child’s genotype

•_ mom, _ dad genes, around _% of genes code for proteins (rest - gene e__)

•Genetic diversity
-mutation: change in __ of DNA

-crossing over: chromosomes s__ sections of DNA during g__ formation.

Answer 4

1/2, 1/2
2
expression

section

swap, gamete

Question 5

• Gene-environment interplay
  2. Child’s genotype to Child’s phenotype
• D__ vs. r__ alleles
• Dominant is e__ if present, over recessive.
• Polygenic inheritance: many d__ genes contribute to p__.

Answer 5

dominant, recessive

expressed

different, phenotype

Question 6

• Gene-environment interplay
  3. Child’s environment to Child’s phenotype

•Norm of reaction: all p__ that could result from g__ dependent on the e__.

•Gene-environment correlation: environments parents provide for children are correlated with s__ g__.
-you don’t know if g__ or e__ caused phenotype

Answer 6

phenotypes, genotype, environment

shared genes
gene, environment

Question 7

• Gene-environment interplay
  4. Child’s phenotype to Child’s environment

•Evocative effects: child c__ impact how others i__ with them (you’re more likely to play and be positive with a smiling and cheerful baby)
-also phenotype (t__, and g__).

•Active effects: “__-picking” children pick their e__.

Answer 7

characteristics, interact
temperament, gender

niche-picking
environment

Question 8

• Gene-environment interplay
  5. Child’s environment to Child’s genotype

•Epigenetic effects: Gene e__ affected by e__ (i__ or d__ gene expression)

Answer 8

expression, environment

increased, decreased

Question 9

•Heritability: a statistical e__ of how much v__ in a trait can be attributed to g__ differences.

• Applies to a p__, not an i__.
• Applies to one p__ population.
• High heritability does not apply immutability.

Answer 9

estimate, variance, genetic

population, individual
particular

immutability

Question 10

• Kinship studies
• In twin studies, it compares the s__ in t__ between both identical and fraternal twins.
• identical: m__, share __% of DNA.
• fraternal: d__, share __% of DNA

•In adoption studies, it compares whether the children are more similar to their b__ or a__ parents and the idea is to see how much g__ and e__ affect the children’s p__

Answer 10

similarities, traits

monozygotic, 100
dizygotic, 50

biological, adoptive
genes, environment
personality

Question 11

•Shared environment: e__ that siblings or twins have in c__ which makes them more a__.
-more alike than expected by g__

•Nonshared environment: experiences that they d__ have in common and makes them l__ alike

Answer 11

experiences, common, alike
genetics

don’t, less