Lecture 15 Flashcards
Psychoanalytic Theories:
Common Themes
- Development driven by m__.
- S__ theories
- C__ of individual development emphasized
- E__ experiences pave the way for l__ development
maturation
stage
continuity
early, later
Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development:
Three Key Components of Personality:
- ID– i__ drives, governed by p__ principle, most p__ component
- Ego – r__, l__ component of personality
- Superego – internalization of m__ standards (c__)
instinctive, pleasure, primitive
rational, logical
moral, conscience
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development:
Stage 1) T__ vs. M__
- Age: __to _ year.
- Summarize
Stage 2) A__ vs. S__ and D__.
- Age: _ to _ years.
- Summarize
Stage 3) I__ vs. G__
- Age: _ to _ years.
- Summarize
Stage 4) I__ vs. I__
- Age: _ to _ years.
- Summarize
Stage 5) I__ vs. r__ c__
- Age: ___
- Summarize
Trust vs. mistrust
- Birth to 1 year
- Babies either trust that others will care for their basic needs, including nourishment, warmth, cleanliness, and physical contact, or develop mistrust about the care of others.
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
- 1 to 3 years
- Children either become self-sufficient in many activities including toileting, feeding, walking, exploring, and talking, or doubt their own abilities.
Initiative vs. guilt
- 3 to 6 years
- Children either want to undertake many adult-like activities or internalize the limits and the prohibitions set by parents. They feel either adventurous or guilty.
Industry vs. inferiority
- 6 to 11 years
- Children busily learn to be competent and productive in mastering new skills or feel inferior and unable to do anything.
Identity vs. role confusion
- Adolescence
- Adolescents try to figure out “Who am I?” They establish sexual, political, religious, and vocational identities or are confused about what roles to play.
Psychoanalytic Theories
Lasting Contributions:
-Freud’s emphasis on e__ emotional relationships, s__ experience, and u__ mental activity.
-Erikson’s emphasis on quest for i__ in a__.
Drawbacks:
-Too v__ to generate t__ hypotheses.
-Some elements highly q__.
early, subjective, unconscious
identity, adolescence
vague, testable
questionable
Freud:
- Behavior motivated by need to satisfy b__ d__
- U__.
Erikson:
- Development driven by a series of d__ c__.
- A__-related and m__-related
- Crises to be r__ for healthy development
basic drives
unconscious
developmental crises
age, maturation
resolved
Learning Theories:
View of Children’s Development:
- Emphasize role of e__ factors
- R__ & p__ guide development.
Central Developmental Issues:
- no qualitatively d__ stages in development
- Individuals differ because each has different r__/p__ & l__ opportunities
Contemporary theorists: Children a__ in own development
external
reinforcement, punishment
different
reinforcement/punishment, learning
active
Intermittent reinforcement: I__ response to the b__of another person.
-Parents often r__ child behavior in this way without even realizing it!
inconsistent, behavior
reinforce
Social Learning Theory:
Albert Bandura believed that most human learning is inherently s__ in nature and is based on o__ of the behavior of other people.
Social Learning Theory Emphasizes o__ and i__, rather than r__, as the primary mechanisms of development
Vicarious reinforcement:
Observing someone else receive a r__ or p__.
social, observation
observation, imitation, reinforcement
reward, punishment
Bobo Doll Studies:
-Children l__ by w__ others..
Even in absence of r__.
learn, watching
reinforcement
Learning Theories:
-Lasting Contributions:
Inspired an enormous amount of research in s__, p__ p__.
-Led to practical applications like s__ d__ and b__ m__.
- Drawbacks
- Lack of attention to c__. (Watson, Skinner)
- Lack of attention to b__ influences
socialization, parental practices
systematic desensitization, behavior modification
cognition
biological
The Bioecological Model:
- Emphasizes the s__ and c__ contexts of development.
- Also acknowledges the c__ contribution (both a__ and p__) to development.
social, cultural
child’s, active, passive
Evolutionary Psychology:
Applies Darwinian concepts of n__ s__ and a__ to human behavior.
- In our evolutionary history, certain genes predisposed humans to a__ behavior that solved c__ (e.g., food, protection, etc.)
- Thus, these genes improved s__, m__, and r__ (i.e., passing along a__ genes)
natural selection, adaptation
adaptive, challenges
survival, mating, reproduction
adaptive
Evolutionary Psychology:
One adaptive feature of humans: g__ b__!
Trade-off: human children have a p__ period of i__ (slow development)
Benefit: High neural p__ that allows us to learn from e__.
giant brains
prolonged, immaturity
plasticity, experience
Evolutionary Psychology:
- Prolonged immaturity of human children means they need a lot of h__ and s__ to s__ and t__!
- Parental-investment theory: Stresses the e__ basis of many aspects of parental behavior, including the extensive i__ parents make in their offspring
Cinderella Effect: explain
help, support, survive, thrive
evolutionary, investment
children of stepfathers are more likely to be abused or killed than if they are raised by genetic fathers.
Evolutionary Psychology:
Lasting Contributions
-Emphasis on children’s b__ nature, including g__ tendencies grounded in e__ -provided fascinating insights into human development
Drawbacks
- Many claims are impossible to t__
- Tends to overlook humans’ capacity to t__ our environments and ourselves
biological, genetic, evolution
test, transform
