Lecture 16 Flashcards
Theories on the Nature and Emergence of Emotion:
Differential (or Discrete) Emotions Theory:
- Emotions are i__ and d__ from one another from
very early in life.
- Each emotion is believed to be packaged with a specific
and distinctive set of b__ and f__ reactions.
Functional Perspective:
- The basic function of emotions is to promote a__ toward achieving a g__.
- Emotions vary somewhat based on the s__
e__.
innate, discrete
bodily, facial
action, goal
social environment
Basic Emotional Expressions:
-Happiness: smiling, either with closed or open u\_\_ mouth; r\_\_ cheeks, which make the eyes s\_\_ a bit. • 6 weeks — s\_\_ s\_\_ • 3 months — l\_\_; c\_\_ • 4 months — f\_\_, r\_\_ smiles
upturned, raised, squint
social smile
laughter, curiosity
full, responsive
Basic Emotional Expressions:
Anger: strongly f\_\_ brow that comes down in the c\_\_ (making an “_” of the brow muscles); open s\_\_ shaped mouth, sometimes b\_\_ teeth; f\_\_ nostrils • _–_ months • healthy response to f\_\_ • Peaks around \_\_-\_\_ months
-Demonstrated in Lewis’s s__-p__ study
furrowed, center, x
square, baring, flared
4-8
frustration
18-24
string-pulling
Basic Emotional Expressions:
Fear: eyes w\_\_ open; brows raised in the middle (t\_\_ shape); corners of mouth pulled b\_\_ into a grimace with mouth open or closed • stranger wariness – _-\_\_ months • separation anxiety – peaks @ \_\_-\_\_ mos
wide, triangle, back
8-24
13-15
Basic Emotional Expressions:
Disgust: nose c__ and nostrils f__; mouth o__ wide with l__ pulled back
and possibly t__ sticking out
• Thought to have e__ basis
• C__ factors important also
crinkled, flared, open, lips, tongue
evolutionary
cultural
Basic Emotional Expressions:
Sadness: d__-turned corners of the mouth, lips pushed t__ and possibly t__, slightly f__ brow
• __ frequent than anger
• Hard to d__ early on
• Extended periods of s__.
down, together, trembling, furrowed
less
distinguish
separation
Basic Emotional Expressions:
Surprise: eyes w__ open; a__ eyebrows; round mouth (“_”) shape
• _ months
wide, arched, O
6
Self-Conscious Emotions:
These emotions require a sense of s__; thus, not present until ages -.
Guilt: r__ and r__ about one’s behavior (focused on o__)
Shame: concern about how the s__ is perceived by o__.
Other self-conscious emotions include p__, j__,
e__, etc.
-Demonstrated in Lewis Pride/Shame studies
self, 2-3
remorse, regret, others
self, others
pride, jealousy, embarrassment
Understanding Emotions:
From habituation and psychophysiological studies, we know:
- At _ months, infants can distinguish facial expressions of h__, s__, and a__.
- By _ months, infants can also discriminate f__, s__,
and i__.
- Social r__ is evident by _ months.
- L__ emotions occurs by _ years of age
3, happiness, surprise, anger
7, fear, sadness, interest
referencing, 12
labeling, 2
Understanding Emotions:
Martin et al. toy
and expressions
study:
• Toys paired with
emotional facial
expressions
• 16- to 18- month-olds prefer toys associated with s\_\_ and h\_\_ faces
surprise, happy
Emotion Regulation
A set of c__ and u__ processes
Used to monitor and modulate emotional e__ and e__.
Develops g__ over childhood
Emotional Regulation leads to:
-Social Competence: the ability to achieve p__ g__ in social interactions while still maintaining positive relationships with o__.
conscious, unconscious
experiences, expressions
gradually
personal goals, others
The Development of Emotion Regulation:
-Co-regulation: The process by which a c__
provides the needed c__ or d__ to help a child
reduce his or her d__.
• An __ process
- Self-comforting behaviors: R__ actions that
regulate a__ by providing a mildly p__ physical
sensation (e.g., thumb-sucking)
-Self-distraction: Looking a__ from an upsetting
s__ in order to r__ one’s level of arousal
caregiver, comfort, distraction, distress
-external
repetitive, arousal, positive
away, stimulus, regulate
