Lecture 2 Flashcards
- How do nature and nurture __ shape development?
not nature _. nurture
example: s__
together
vs.
siblings
1A. How do children become so different from one another?
genome = _ _ _
epigenetic effects – changes in gene e__ mediated by e__
DNA
expression, environment
I. Enduring Themes
1A. How do children become so different from one another?
d__ s__: idea that people are m__ or l__ susceptible to the environment (p__ or n__)
“orchids” vs. “dandelions”
- orchids are very sensitive to the environment and need a good environment
- dandelions grow anywhere and are less effected by their environment
differential susceptibility
more, less
positively, negatively
An example of differential susceptibility:
-when looking at serotonin genes and how they related to children’s social competence, if a child was sensitive then their mother-child relationship mattered __.
If they were not sensitive then their mother child relationship mattered __.
more
less
1B. How do children shape their own development?
e__ effects
-children’s n__ affects their n__.
e.g., infant temperament affects parenting
evocative
nature, nurture
1B. How do children shape their own development?
a__ effects
(e. g., n__-picking)
- joining groups and picking people.
active
niche-picking
Is development continuous, discontinuous, or both?
– continuous: g__ change
– discontinuous: s__-like, stay the same then d__ change, then stay the same, etc.
– many stage theories, BUT current view is that it’s __
-depends on how you look at it
gradual
stair-like, dramatic
both
How does the broader environment influence development?
• Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model
microsystem: environments that have d__ effect such as f__ and s__
exosystem: i__ effects that e__ has on child development (p__ work place-stress from parent i__ effects kid)
macrosystem: broader s__, c__, e__, etc. effects on childs development. (ex: parental l__)
mesosystem: Interactions between m__ that effect children’s environment
ex: parents talking to t__
chronosystem: t__
- all parts of model can c__ over time
direct, family, school
indirect, environment, parents, indirectly
social, cultureal, economic, leave
microsystems, teachers
time, change
- Airport noise study
- After the airport was moved, children’s cognitive development __ (mean child age = __ years), but __ for the children living near where the new airport was opened
improved
10.4
worsened
o Advantages/disadvantages of reports and observations
- Social desirability: make your child sound __ than they are
- Negative biases: negative outlook on life makes children look __ than they are
- Observer influence: children acting __ when people are watching
better
worse
differently
Reports: \+s\_\_ experience \+q\_\_, in\_\_ -m\_\_ problems -s\_\_ d\_\_ bias -n\_\_ bias
subjective quick, inexpensive memory problems social desirability bias negative bias
Observations: \+more c\_\_ \+less b\_\_ -less e\_\_ (natural) OR less n\_\_ (lab) -e\_\_, t\_\_-c\_\_ -o\_\_ influence
controlled biased efficient natural expensive, time-consuming observer
o Reliability and validity
- Test-retest reliability: doing an experiment __ times and getting the s__ or s__ results
- Interrater reliability: people m__ the results have the s__ or s__ measures
- Internal validity: how sure you are that your study is m__ what you’re t__ for; no __ variables
- External validity: g__ to other places and cultures
many, same, similar
measuring, same, similar
measuring, testing, outside
generalizing
o Experimental design
- Random assignment: eliminates __
- Experimental group: the group of participants in an experimental design who are presented the e__ of i__.
- Control group: the group of participants in an experimental design who are not presented the experience of interest but in other ways are treated s__
- Independent variable: the e__ that participants in the e__ group receive and that those in the c__ groups do not receive
- Dependent variable: a b__ that is measured to determine whether it is affected by exposure to the i__ variable
bias
experience, interest
similarly
experience, experimental, control
behavior, independent
Scientific Method:
- choose a q__
- formulate a h__
- develop a method to t__ your hypothesis
- use data to draw a c__
question
hypothesis
test
conclusion
