Lecture 7 Flashcards
Piaget’s theory
- Sensorimotor (- years): children know the world via s__ and a__.
- Pre-operational (- years): children can use m__ r__, which is holding images of o__ in mind
- Concrete operational (- years): l__ thinking
- Formal operational (__+ years): a__ thinking
0-2, senses, actions
2-7, mental representation, objects
7-12, logical
12+, abstract
-How Piaget’s theory characterizes development
- Discontinuous: Piaget believed that development are separated by d__, s__-l__ changes
- Invariant: believed e__ person goes through these exact s__ in this exact o__.
- Universal: believed people of all c__ go through the s__ stages
- P__ across all areas
- Child is an a__ learner
dramatic, stage-like
every, stages, order
cultures, same
parallel
active
o Piaget’s view on object permanence
• Believed that babies gain object permanence (the concept that objects continue to e__ when h__) at _ months old
exist, hidden
8
Achievements of the preoperational stage
- Mental representation: children understand that objects can r__ other objects as s__. (drawings, words and images)
- Delayed imitation: when children o__ an action and remember it for later use in their own p__ s__
represent, symbols
observe, problem solving
-Limitations of the preoperational stage
•Egocentrism and the three mountain problem
Three mountain problem:
a doll is placed at different vantage points relative to the child, and the child is shown 10 photographs. The child is to select which of the 10 photographs best reflects the doll’s view. The findings showed that at age 4, children would choose the photograph that best reflected with their own view. At age 6, an awareness of perspective different from their own could be seen. Then, by ages 7–8, children can clearly acknowledge more than one point of view and consistently select the correct photograph.
•The children can only describe from their __ point of view; they are unable to understand that other people see s__ e__.
own, something else
-Limitations of the preoperational stage
- Centration
- They can only focus on __ aspect of a problem.
in the conservation problems, they would focus either on the w__ or the h__ of the liquid as their basis of measuring how much was in the containers
one
width, height
-Limitations of the preoperational stage
• Children can’t think of a__ vs r__ of objects at the same time.
- Egg/blue filter
- Kids were shown an egg that was covered in a blue filter and asked what color it really was, they all said __ because that’s what they were seeing at the time, even though they should know that eggs are __.
- Rock/sponge study
- Kids were given a sponge that looks like a rock and when asked what it is, they said a __, and when asked what it looks like, they said __ again
appearance, reality
blue, white
sponge, sponge
-Limitations of the preoperational stage
•Precausal reasoning
•Children believe in animistic or magical explanations
- Animistic: “clouds like to r__”, p__ objects
- Magical: objects have p__
run, personifies
powers
Weaknesses of Piaget’s theory
- U__ infants
- They learn object permanence earlier than 8 months (as early as __ months)
underestimated
2.5
Weaknesses of Piaget’s theory
- Underestimated young children
- They are less e__ than Piaget thought and when the 3 mountain problem was modified to use a r__ p__ instead of a doll, the children were more able to describe what that person should be seeing
- Children also use s__ speech when talking to younger children, which implies that they know that the younger kids don’t have the same k__ as they do
egocentric
real person
simplified, knowledge
Weaknesses of Piaget’s theory
- Piaget understated contributions of s__ w__.
- Changes are more c__, not s__-l__
- Piaget was vague about m__ for how these c__ actually happen
social world
continuous, stage-like
mechanisms, changes
-Object permanence revisited
•Object permanence typically starts to develop between - months of age and involves a baby’s understanding that when things disappear, they aren’t gone f__. Before the baby understands this concept, things that leave his v__ are g__, completely gone
Violation-of-expectation method
•Babies were shown both p__ and i__ events on a screen and if a baby looked l__ at the impossible event, it showed that they understood that a law was being b__
•This method was used to show that babies can develop o__ p__ as early as at 2.5 months
•“Car rolling on track” experiment suggests that infants as young as 2 1/2 months show object performance
4-7
forever
view
gone
possible, impossible
longer, broken
object permanence
Core-knowledge theories
- Nativism: the belief that certain knowledge is i__ in every person from b__.
- Constructivism: knowledge is gained through e__/l__
innate, birth
experience/learning
Preoperational stage revisited:
•Modified 3 mountain problem
-When the 3 mountain problem was modified to use a r__ p__ instead of a doll, the children were more able to describe what that person should be s__.
- Modifications to conservation of number tasks
- The tests that Piaget used were too h__ for children because too many objects were used and the new experiments that used _ pennies instead of _ had better results
- “Magical thinking” research
- 4 and 5 year olds were shown a magic show with their parents, with some of the magician’s acts being n__ e__ things like blowing up a balloon.
- The _ year olds were more likely to describe most of the acts as being magic, but researchers realized that this was because that’s how the parents were e__ it too
- Basically, parents often use m__ as explanation for things with y__ children, so that’s most likely where they are getting the idea from
real person, seeing
hard, 3, 5
normal, everyday
4, explaining
magic, younger
Sociocultural theories (Vygotsky)
•Intersubjectivity: when people come to u__ each other
children learn from t__ things out with o__.
understand
talking, others
