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Microbiology > Lecture #8 > Flashcards

Lecture #8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The recipe book of a bacteria is…?

A

DNA

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2
Q

What is genetics?

A

The science of heredity

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3
Q

What is molecular biology?

A

The science of dealing with DNA and photosynthesis

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4
Q

What is a genome?

A

The total DNA contained within a cell

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5
Q

What is included in a genome?

A

Chromsome and any plasmids present

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6
Q

Genes are contained on….?

A

Chromosomes

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7
Q

What are genes?

A

Sections of DNA that code for a functional product

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8
Q

DNA is a macromolecule composed of…?

A

nucleotides

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9
Q

What are nucleotides of DNA composed of?

A
  1. Nitrogenous Base
  2. Deoxyribose Sugar
  3. Phosphate Group
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10
Q

What are the 4 types of nitrogenous bases in DNA?

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Guanine
  3. Thymine
  4. Cytosine
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11
Q

DNA strands are held together by?

A

Hydrogen bonds between bases

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12
Q

Adenine always pairs with_____ via ____ hydrogen bonds

A

Thymine via 2 hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

Guanine always pairs with _____ via ____ hydrogen bonds

A

Cytosine via 3 hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

Why do high temperature organisms have more hydrogen bonds between base pairs?

A

Because it takes more hydrogen bonds so they don’t get broken by high heat

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15
Q

The sequence of one strand determines?

A

The sequence of the other

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16
Q

The strands of DNA are _____ to each other?

A

Complementary

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17
Q

Adjacent (side by side) nucleotides are linked together by

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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18
Q

How do eukaryotes replicate? Prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes- Vertical replication

Prokaryotes- Horiztonal replication

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19
Q

Carbon #_____ of one nucleotide is joined to carbon #_____ of the next nucleotide

A

5, 3

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20
Q

The carbons of one nucleotide that join to the carbon of another are called?

A

5’ prime

3’ prime

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21
Q

DNA occurs in what direction?

A

5’ to 3’

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22
Q

What is the central dogma of biology?

A
  1. DNA replicates before division so that each offspring receives on complete copy of the genome
  2. DNA is used within the cell to make protein
  3. DNA can flow between two different bacterial cells (recombination)
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23
Q

One parental double stranded DNA is used to make what?

A

Two identical double stranded DNA molecules

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24
Q

With the DNA strands being complementary, what does this allow for?

A

One DNA strand to serve as the template for the synthesis of the other strand

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25
Q

What is a replication fork?

A

A small segment of dsDNA unwound and strands separated

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26
Q

What does each strand of the replication fork serve as?

A

A template for the synthesis of a complimentary strand

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27
Q

What are the 3 steps of DNA replication?

A
  1. The enzyme DNA gyrate (only found in prokaryotes) and helices unwind and separate 2 DNA strands
  2. A short RNA primer is synthesized by the enzyme primase
  3. DNA synthesis occurs by the enzyme DNA polymerase
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28
Q

What enzyme found during DNA replication serves as a good antibiotic target? Why?

A

DNA gyrase, because it is found in only bacteria and not eukaryotic cells

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29
Q

The RNA primer found during DNA replication serves does what in order to form a new strand of DNA?

A

Serves as an attachment point for new nucleotides

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30
Q

What does the enzyme DNA polymerase do?

A

Links the nucleotides together with phosphodiester bonds

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31
Q

Nucleotides are placed in the correct order based on what?

A

The sequence of the parent strand

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32
Q

What direction can DNA polymerase only add nucleotides in? What does this say about the template being read?

A

5’ to 3’ direction, the template can only be read in the 3’ to 5’ direction

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33
Q

What is a leading strand? What is a lagging strand?

A

The synthesis of the first strand

The synthesis of the second strand

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34
Q

Is the leading strand continuous or discontinuous? Lagging strand?

A

Leading- continuous

Lagging- discontinuous

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35
Q

Which strand synthesis is faster and not as laborious?

A

Leading strand, lagging strand is slower and more labours

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36
Q

DNA polymerase can only make DNA in what direction?

A

5’ to 3’

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37
Q

Which way much the lagging strand be made in?

A

3’ to 5’

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38
Q

What are okazaki fragments? What direction are they made in?

A

Small fragments of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand. Made in the 5’ to 3’ direction

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39
Q

What enzyme links okazaki fragments together?

A

DNA ligase

40
Q

What sugar is in RNA and what base is replaced?

A

Ribose sugar, thymine is replaced with uracil

41
Q

DNA directs the synthesis of…?

A

Proteins

42
Q

What are genes?

A

The section of DNA that have instructions for a functional protein product

43
Q

Why is the promoter for starting transcription outside of the area of DNA info (genes)

A

Therefore nothing is lost

44
Q

What is transcription?

A

Synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template

45
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A
  1. Messanger RNA
  2. Ribosomal RNA
  3. Transfer RNA
46
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

Carries the coded info for making specific proteins

47
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

Forms part of ribosomes which is where protein synthesis happens

48
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Carry specific amino acids to the ribosome in order to make proteins

49
Q

Which type of RNA is a translated protein?

A

mRNA

50
Q

Does transfer RNA get translated into protein?

A

Never

51
Q

A strand of RNA is synthesized from _____

A

a particular gene

52
Q

The mRNA synthesized is complementary to what?

A

the gene (5’ to 3’)

53
Q

What 3 things does transcription require?

A
  1. The enzyme RNA polymerase
  2. A supply of RNA nucleotides
  3. A DNA template
54
Q

What are the steps of transcription?

A
  1. RNA polymerase binds to DNA at a specific site promoter
  2. RNA polymerase assembles nucleotides into a new RNA chain
  3. RNA polymerase moves along the template as the new RNA chain grows
  4. RNA polymerase reaches the end of the gene terminator
  5. RNA polymerase and newly formed single stranded ENA are released
55
Q

What direction is RNA made in?

A

5’ to 3’ (same as DNA)

56
Q

When RNA polymerase assembles nucleotides, what does it use as a guide?

A

DNA

57
Q

What is the purpose of transcription?

A

mRNA serves as a short term copy of the gene that can be used to direct protein synthesis (rRNA and tRNA assist with the process

58
Q

What is translation?

A

Where info from mRNA is translated in order to make proteins

59
Q

The info in mRNA for translation is in the form of what?

A

Codons

60
Q

What are codons?

A

A group of 3 nucleotides

61
Q

What does a codon mean/do?

A

A certain amino acid

62
Q

What does the sequence of codons in mRNA determine?

A

Sequences of amino acids in the protein

63
Q

What are the stop codons and what do they signal?

A

UAG, UAA, UGA, they signal the end of translation

64
Q

What are the steps of translation?

A
  1. mRNA attaches to ribosome
  2. tRNA carrying the correct amino acid enters the ribosome and binds to the mRNA
  3. The next tRNA with the amino acid enters the ribosome and binds to the mRNA
  4. Two amino acids are joined by a peptide bond
  5. Ribosome moves down mRNA 5’ to 3’ direction and steps 3 and 4 repeat until stop codon
  6. mRNA and protein are released from ribosome
65
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

66
Q

What can a mutation cause?

A

A change in a protein encoded by a gene

67
Q

What are two types of mutations?

A
  1. Point mutation (substitution)

2. Frameshift mutation

68
Q

What happens in a point mutation?

A

A single nucleotide is replaced by another nucleotide

69
Q

If a point mutation occurs, what changes during DNA replication? Translation and Transcription?

A

When it replicates, it results in a substituted pair

When is transcribed and translated, a missense mutation can result

70
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

an incorrect base resulting in an incorrect amino acid in the protein

71
Q

What is frameshift mutation?

A
  1. Insertion (addition of a nucleotide is added)

2. Deletion ( a nucleotide is removed)

72
Q

What does a frameshift mutation do to mRNA? What can it cause in the future steps?

A
  • The mutations cause a change in the reading frame of mRNA
  • The sequence of most of the protein is changed
  • Stop codons may be introduced prematurely leading to truncated proteins
73
Q

What is a truncated protein?

A

A shorter protein caused by a stop codon occurring too early due to a frameshift mutation

74
Q

What are the two ways in which frameshift mutations can occur?

A
  1. Spontaneous

2. Due to mutagens

75
Q

What is a spontaneous frameshift mutation?

A

Occurs due to occasional mistakes during DNA replication

76
Q

What is a mutagen frameshift mutation?

A

Occurs because of agents with work to bring about mutations in DNA
ex. UV, Radiation, etc

77
Q

What are 3 things mutations can cause?

A
  1. Incomplete truncated proteins which are usually non functional
  2. A protein with a different sequence which will then either have a different function or normal function
  3. A silent mutation which has no effect on the functional protein
78
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Self replicating double stranded DNA molecules containing genes which are non essential

79
Q

What are 3 types of plasmids?

A
  1. F plasmids- F-factor or Fertility plasmid
  2. R plasmids- Resistance Factors
  3. Vir Plasmids- Virulence Plasmids
80
Q

What type of genes do each type of plasmid carry?

A
  1. F plasmid- gene to make F pili
  2. R plasmid- gene for antibiotic resistance
  3. Vir plasmid- gene for toxin production
81
Q

Which type of plasmid is involved in bacterial mating (conjunction)

A

F plasmid

82
Q

Which plasmid allows for the transfer of genetic material between bacteria?

A

F plasmid

83
Q

What is an example of a R plasmid?

A

Enzymes that degrade antibiotics

84
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

When DNA is transferred to other bacterial cells rather than to its own offspring

85
Q

What are the 3 ways in which genetic material can be transferred?

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Conjunction
  3. Transduction
86
Q

What is transformation?

A

The genetic alteration of a cell resulting in foreign DNA

87
Q

In transformation, the DNA can come from where?

A

Dead cells or from released plasmids

88
Q

What is recombination?

A

How pieces of DNA can be integrated into a chromosome during transformation

89
Q

The male cell in conjunction has what type of pili and what is it referred to as? Female?

A

Male- F pili, F+: donor

Female- does not have a pili, F-: recipient

90
Q

What does F pills allow for in conjunction?

A

Allows for the attachment of the F+ cell to the F- cell allowing a copy of the F plasmid to be to the F- cell

91
Q

Once the F- plasmid is passed to the female plasmid, what occurs

A

It becomes a male cell (F+)

92
Q

What is transduction?

A

When small fragments of DNA are transferred in between bacteria by a virus

93
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus that infects bacteria

94
Q

What occurs in transduction?

A
  1. The page attached to the bacterial cell wall and injects DNA into the cell
  2. The phage DNA is replicated within the bacterial cell
  3. The phage DNA directs protein synthesis in order to make new phage
  4. New phages are assembled (pieces of bacterial DNA are accidentally packages into page protein coats)
  5. The accident phage can infect other bacterial cells
  6. DNA can now be incorporated into the bacterial chromosome
95
Q

What is in a bacteriophage?

A

Everything that is needed to create bacteria

Microbiology (16 decks)

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