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Microbiology > Lecture #12 > Flashcards

Lecture #12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is pathology?

A

The study of disease

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2
Q

What is etiology?

A

The cause of disease

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3
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

The ability to cause disease

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4
Q

What is virulence?

A

Ability to cause harm

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5
Q

The higher the ______= better to cause disease

A

Virulence

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6
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

How the disease develops

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7
Q

What is pathogen?

A

An organism that can cause disease

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8
Q

What is infection?

A

The invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic organisms

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9
Q

What is disease?

A

Abnormal state where the body is not capable of performing normal functions (not being able to swallow)

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10
Q

What is transient microbiota?

A

Microbes that may be present for days or months and then disappear

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11
Q

Microbiota is localized where?

A

In certain regions of the body

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12
Q

Microbiota is found mostly in what areas of the body? Examples?

A

In exposed areas

Ex. Skin and tracts (exposed to the outside world)

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13
Q

How does microbiota benefit the host cell?

A

By preventing the growth of pathogens

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14
Q

What is microbial antagonism?

A

members of the microbiota produce substances harmful to invading microbes

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15
Q

What is competitive exclusion?

A

Microflora use up available nutrients preventing growth of pathogens

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16
Q

What is an example of competitive exclusion?

A

Clostridium Difficle is inhibited by the normal microbiota of the large intestine

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17
Q

If the normal microflora is eliminated (by an antibiotic treatment), what can clostridium difficile cause?

A

Infection

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18
Q

If infected with clostridium difficile, what can the infection lead to?

A

Fatal inflammation of the colon

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19
Q

What are two other benefits of microbiota (other than preventing pathogens)

A
  1. E.coli in the large intestine makes vitamin K and Vitamin B
  2. Some produce enzymes that aid in digestion
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20
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens?

A

Microbes that are part of the normal microbiota and do not normally cause disease

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21
Q

Opportunistic pathogens can cause disease if what 3 things happen?

A
  1. They are transferred another part of the body
  2. The human host becomes immunocompromised
  3. Microbiota is disturbed
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22
Q

How is E.coli an opportunistic pathogen?

A

It is a normal resident in the large intestine but if it is transferred to the urinary tract, it can cause infection

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23
Q

How’s streptococcus pneumonia an opportunistic pathogen?

A

It is a normal resident in the respirator tract but when the host is already weakened such as a cold, it can cause pneumonia

24
Q

What is a symptom?

A

What a patient feels (pain, run down), variable

25
Q

What is a sign?

A

An objective change that a physician can measure (swelling, fever, etc)

26
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

A specific group of signs and symptoms that always accompany a particular disease

27
Q

What can diseases be classified based on?

A

Their effect in the host population

28
Q

What is a communicable disease? Give an example?

A

A disease that spreads from one host to another

Ex. chicken pox, measles and STD’s

29
Q

What is a contagious disease? Give an example?

A

Easily spread

Ex. Chicken pox and measles

30
Q

What is a non-communicable disease? Give an example?

A

Does not spread between hosts

Ex. Salmonellosis

31
Q

What are the 5 stages of disease?

A
  1. Incubation period
  2. Prodromal Period
  3. Period of Illness
  4. Period of decline
  5. Period of Convalescence
32
Q

What occurs in the incubation period?

A

The time between the infection and the first signs and symptoms

33
Q

What occurs in the prodromal period?

A

Early and mild symptoms such as malaise ( feeling unwell)

34
Q

What occurs in the period of illness?

A

Most severe signs and symptoms (immune response may cause some signs and symptoms

35
Q

If a disease is not overcome in the period of illness, what occurs?

A

Death

36
Q

What occurs in the period of decline? How long can it last?

A
  • Signs and symptoms subside

- Can last for hours or days

37
Q

During the period of decline, what can the patient be vulnerable to?

A

Secondary infections

38
Q

What occurs in the period of convalescence?

A

Recovery occurs

39
Q

What can still be present in the period of convalescence? How long?

A

The pathogen and can spread to others, and a person can continue to carry the pathogen for months

40
Q

What is an acute disease? Example?

A

It rapidly develops and short duration

Ex. Influenza

41
Q

What is a chronic disease? Example?

A

Slow to develop and continual in duration

Ex. Tuberculosis

42
Q

What is a latent disease? Example?

A

Inactive for a period of time, can be reactivated

Ex. Coldsore- herpe simplex virus

43
Q

The likelihood of disease occurring increases with the number of what?

A

Microbes introduced increase

44
Q

How is infectious dose written?

A

ID50

45
Q

What is ID50?

A

The amount of bacteria required to cause disease in 50% of the population

46
Q

What is an example of an ID50? What occurs when it enters through skin, inhalation and ingestion?

A

Bacillus Anthracis
Skin: ID50= 10 to 20 endospores
Inhalation: ID50= 10000-20000 endospores
Ingestion: ID50= 250000-100000 endospores

47
Q

What does LD50 stand for?

A

Lethal Dose that kills 50% of the infectious population

48
Q

What is a local infection?

A

Confined to a small area of the body

49
Q

What is a systemic Infection?

A

Microbes or toxin are spread through the body (can be through blood)

50
Q

What is septicaemia?

A

Systemic infection of the blood

51
Q

What is bacteremia?

A

Bacteria in the blood

52
Q

What is toxaemia?

A

Toxins in the blood

53
Q

What is an example of toxaemia? And what does it do

A

Clostridium tetani causes infection of the cut and releases tetanus toxin into the blood

54
Q

What is viremia?

A

Virus particles in the blood

55
Q

What is sepsis?

A

Life threatening systemic inflammatory response, usually due to bacteremia (low blood pressure, no blood filter and go into organ failure/shock)

Microbiology (16 decks)

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