Lecture #13

Question 1

What is a sporadic occurrence of disease?

Answer 1

Disease that occurs occasionally

Question 2

What is an example of a sporadic occurrence of disease?

Answer 2

Hamburger Disease (E.coli found in hamburger, people buy, it’s recalled)

Question 3

What is a endemic occurrence of disease?

Answer 3

Low and constant levels of a disease

Question 4

What is an example of a endemic disease?

Answer 4

Common cold, malaria

Question 5

What is a epidemic occurrence of a disease?

Answer 5

A disease that occurs in high numbers over a short period of time

Question 6

What is an example of a epidemic disease?

Answer 6

Influenza

Question 7

What is a pandemic occurrence of a disease?

Answer 7

Epidemic disease that occurs worldwide

Question 8

What is an example of a pandemic?

Answer 8

Influenza, bird flu

Question 9

What is emerging infectious disease?

Answer 9

New identified disease (notable number of cases)

Question 10

What is an example of an emerging infectious disease?

Answer 10

West nile, MERS

Question 11

What is a reservoir in regards to spread of infections? Give examples

Answer 11

Source of the infectious agent

ex. Object, food, living things, water, etc

Question 12

What is a human reservoir in regards to spread of infections?

Answer 12

People who can harbour pathogens and transmit them to others

Question 13

When can germs be transmitted during disease?

Answer 13

Any stage (incubation, prodromal, period of illness, convalescence or period of decline)

Question 14

What are carriers in regards to the spread of infection?

Answer 14

People who can transmit pathogens without having any signs of the disease themselves

Question 15

What is an example in history of a carrier of a disease?

Answer 15

Typhoid Mary- transmitting salmonella typhi

Question 16

What is a zoonosis animal reservoir?

Answer 16

A disease that occurs in animals but can be transmitted to humans

Question 17

What are some examples of a zoonosis reservoir?

Answer 17

• Influenza in bird and pigs
• Rabies in bats, skunks, etc
• Lyme disease in field mice transmitted by ticks

Question 18

What are non living reservoirs?

Answer 18

Things that can be a source of an infectious agent that is not living (Soil and water)

Question 19

What is an example of an infectious agent found in non living reservoirs? What does it do to humans?

Answer 19

Clostridium tetani found in soil that can lead to tetanus in humans when the bacteria enters the body through a cut

Question 20

What are fomites? What are examples?

Answer 20

Any nonliving object that spreads pathogens

Ex. used kleenex, used syringes

Question 21

What are the 3 main routes of transmission of a disease?

Answer 21

1. Contact transmission
2. Vehicle transmission
3. Vector transmission

Question 22

What are 3 types of contact transmission of disease?

Answer 22

1. Direct- person to person (chlamydia or STI’s)
2. Indirect- through fomites
3. Droplets- spread by a short distance (less than 1 meter, sneezing, coughing, etc)

Question 23

What is a vehicle transmission of disease?

Answer 23

A pathogen transmitted by a medium

Question 24

What are 3 types of vehicle transmission? Explain each

Answer 24

1. Waterborne- E.coli in water due to improperly treated sewage
2. Airborne- spread over less than one meter
3. Foodborne- food poisoning

Question 25

What is a type of airborne vehicle transmitter disease?

Answer 25

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 26

What is an example of food borne vehicle transmitted disease?

Answer 26

Bacillus cereus and salmonellosis

Question 27

What is vector transmission?

Answer 27

Animals that carry pathogens from one host to another

Question 28

With the West Nile virus, what would be the reservoir, host and vector?

Answer 28

Reservoir- Birds Vector- Mosquitos Host- Humans

Question 29

For lyme disease, what would be the reservoir, host and vector?

Answer 29

Reservoir- Field mice Vector- Ticks Host- Humans

Question 30

What are Nosocomial Infections?

Answer 30

Hospital acquired infections

Question 31

What are 3 ways that nosocomial infections can occur?

Answer 31

1. Pathogens in the hospital 2. Immunocompromised state of patients 3. Chain of transmission

Question 32

What are the 3 'chains of transmission' that nosocomial infections can occur?

Answer 32

1. Direct contact- staff to patient or patient to patient 2. Indirect contact- through fomites 3. Airborne- through ventilation systems

Question 33

What are 4 ways of controlling spread of disease?

Answer 33

1. Hygiene 2. Vectors 3. Avoidance 4. Isolation

Question 34

What are the ways that hygiene can prevent he spread of disease?

Answer 34

Proper: hand washing, sterilization, sanitation, prep of food and water and sanitization of sewage treatment

Question 35

How can we control the spread of disease via vectors?

Answer 35

1. Controlling insect vectors (Mosquitos that spread west nile 2. Vaccination of domestic animals (against rabies)

Question 36

How can we control the spread of disease with avoidance? Give examples

Answer 36

Avoiding contact with carriers | ex. wearing latex gloves

Question 37

What does quarantine mean? What disease would cause a person to be put in quarantine?

Answer 37

Removal of infected individual from society | Ex. Tuberculosis Sanatorium

Question 38

What is isolation in regards to controlling the spread of disease? What is an example of someone who would be put in isolation?

Answer 38

A person highly susceptible to a particular disease are put in isolation. Ex. Bone Marrow transplant patients