Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Lecture #3 > Flashcards

Lecture #3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is different for DNA in Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

A

Pro- DNA is not enclosed within a membrane

Euk- DNA is contained within a membrane bound nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Prokaryotes’ chromosome look like?

A

Single and circular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is the chromosome located within the prokaryote?

A

The nucleoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why do prokaryotes not have membrane bound organelles?

A

Because it minimizes building costs and energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Are bacteria eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many chromosomes do eukaryotes have?

A

Many

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Can eukaryotes be single celled?

A

yes that or multicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are 4 types of eukaryotes?

A

Protist, Plants,Animals and fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 names of shapes bacteria come in? What shape are each?

A
  1. Coccus- Spherical
  2. Bacillus- Rods
  3. Spirillum- Spiral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an example of coccus bacteria

A

Streptococcus pyogenes, causes strep throat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an example of Bacillus bacteria

A

Escherichia coli (E. Coli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an example of Spirillum Bacteria

A

Treponema Pallidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Gycocalyx

A

A sticky gelatinous polymer on the outside of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can gycocalyx be composed of

A

Either polysaccharide, protein or both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When gycocalyx is made of only sugar it is called…?

A

Extracellular polysaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When is gycocalyx called a capsule? When is it called a slime layer?

A

Capsule- When the substance of gycocalyx is firmly attached to cell wall and organized (lululemon sweats)

Slime layer- When the substance is disorganized and loosely attached (baggy sweats)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What contributes to an organisms ability to cause disease

A

Capsules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does a capsule allow a cell to be more able to cause disease?

A

By protecting the organism from phagocytosis (makes the cell slippery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an example of a bacteria that can ONLY cause disease when encapsulated

A

Bacillus anthracis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What 3 things does a capsule do for bacteria?

A
  1. Allows organism to cause disease better
  2. Adhere and colonize host cells
  3. Protects bacterial wall against dehydration and holds nutrients inside cell`
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does extracellular polysaccharide do for bacteria?

A

Allows it to survive by attaching to different surfaces within the microbe environment (other bacteria, impacts, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What bacteria attaches to the teeth and causes cavities

A

Streptococcus mutans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What can some organisms do to the capsule when energy sources are low

A

Break down the sugars and use it as an energy source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are flagella

A

Long, filamentous and used for motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 3 parts that flagella is composed of?

A
  1. Filament
  2. Hook
  3. Basal Body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the filament of the flagella composed of and what does it form?

A

Made of circular flagellin protein and forms a helix around a hollow core and is not covered by a sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the hook made of in the flagella?

A

A different protein than the flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the basal body of the flagella do?

A

Anchors the flagellum to the plasma membrane and cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the 4 possible flagellar arrangements?

A

Pertrichous
Monotrichous
Lophotrichous
Amphitrichous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the pertrichous arrangement look like?

A

Flagella distributed all over the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does the monotrichous arrangement look like?

A

Single polar flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which arrangement has two or more flagella at one or both ends of the cell

A

Lophotrichous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which arrangement has a tuft of flagella at each end of the cell?

A

Amphitrichous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is used to differentiate between different strains of bacteria

A

Flagellar proteins (H7)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which way can flagella rotate?

A

Clockwise or counterclockwise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does flagellar movement depend on?

A

Energy production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is movement of a flagella in one direction for a continuous period of time called?

A

Run or swim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are abrupt changes in direction of flagella called?What is it a result of?

A

Tumbles, result of flagella changing direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Being motile allows the bacterium to do what?

A

Move away from dangerous environments and toward favourable environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is taxis

A

The movement of bacterium toward favourable environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Movement toward a chemical stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is phototaxis?

A

Movement toward light stimulus

43
Q

Bacteria move toward a____ and move away from a ______

A

attractant, repellent

44
Q

What are pili and fimbrae?

A

Hair like appendages that are shorter, thinner and straighter than flagella and are not used for motility

45
Q

What are pili and fimbrae made of?

A

Pilin protein

46
Q

Where can fimbriae be located?

A

All over the cell or only at the pole

47
Q

What do fimbriae enable the bacterial cell to do?

A

To adhere to surfaces and other bacterial cells and colonize

48
Q

What does pili look like?

A

Longer than fimbriae

49
Q

How many pili are on a cell?

A

Only one or two per cell

50
Q

What do pili do?

A

Join two bacterial cells in order to transfer DNA in between them?

51
Q

What is conjunction?

A

The transfer of DNA between two cells instead of colonizing and reproducing

52
Q

Why do humans not need a cell wall?

A

Because we are multicellular and can repair our cells

53
Q

What provides a bacterial cell with its characteristic shape

A

Bacterial Cell Wall

54
Q

How does the bacterial cell wall protect the cell

A

Protects it from environmental changes and prevents cell rupture (osmotic rupture)

55
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall made of?

A

Polysaccharide peptidoglycan

56
Q

What is peptidoglycan made of and how does it look?

A

Composed of repeating disaccharides layered on top of one another creating chains which are combined to form a wall

57
Q

What are the disaccharide chains linked together by in a cell wall

A

Short peptides

58
Q

What two things of the disaccharide unit of a bacterial cell wall made of?

A
  1. N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG)

2. N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM)

59
Q

What thickness of peptidoglycan is found outside a gram positive cell? Gram negative?

A 
\+= Thick layer of peptidoglycan
-= Thin layer of peptidoglycan
60
Q

What type of acid is only found in gram positive organisms?

A

Teichoic Acids

61
Q

What are two forms of teichoic acid? What do they do?

A
  1. Wall teichoic acids- extend out from peptidoglycan

2. Lipoteichoic acids- Connect the plasma membrane to the peptidoglycan

62
Q

How many membranes do gram positive bacteria have?

A

only one- plasma membrane

63
Q

How many membranes do gram negative bacteria have?

A

2- plasma membrane and outer membrane

64
Q

What 3 things is the outer membrane of a gram negative bacteria made up of?

A
  1. Lipids
  2. Proteins
  3. Lipopolysaccharides
65
Q

What is the lipid portion of a lipopolysaccharide do? What is it referred to as?

A

It is toxic and is referred to as endotoxin

66
Q

What is the polysaccharide portion of a lipopolysaccharide made up of and what does it do?

A

Made up of O sugars and is used to distinguish gram negative organisms

67
Q

Which type of cell (gram negative or positive) hold the crystal violet stain and why?

A

Gram + because the thick peptidoglycan where as the gram - has an outer membrane which stays intact and is not penetrated with dye

68
Q

What are the 4 steps to a gram stain?

A
  1. Crystal violet (purple), then rinse–> both are purple
  2. Add iodine (mordant)–> intensifies, both purple
  3. Add alcohol (destain)–> breaks cell wall +=purple, -= no colour
  4. Add safranin (pink)–> += purple, -= pink
69
Q

Where else can peptidoglycan be found other than bacterial cells?

A

No where, there is no similar compounds in eukaryotes

70
Q

What is a host enzyme produced in tears, mucous, etc? What does it do to peptidoglycan ?

A

Lysozymes, degrades peptidoglycan

71
Q

What does penicillin do to peptidoglycan?

A

Targets peptidoglycan synthesis

72
Q

What state does the plasma membrane exist in?

A

Semi fluid

73
Q

What does alcohol do to a plasma membrane?

A

Disrupts plasma membrane

74
Q

What percentage of the cytoplasm is water? What is another name for it?

A

60-80%, cytozol

75
Q

What are some material found in the cytoplasm?

A

Amino acids, carbs, nucleotide, enzymes and inorganic ions

76
Q

Where are some endospores found in a cell?

A

Cytoplasm

77
Q

What is the nucleoid?

A

The area that contains the bacterial chromosome

78
Q

What are plasmids? Can bacteria have it?

A

Small, circular double stranded DNA molecules. Some bacteria have plasmids

79
Q

What do plasmids do for a bacterial cell?

A

House nonessential genes which can help the bacterium survive adverse conditions such as high antibiotic concentrations

80
Q

What occurs at ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

81
Q

What is ribosomes made of?

A

Protein and ribosomal RNA

82
Q

What are the large and small subunits called on ribosomes? Together they are called?

A

Large: 50s
Small: 30s
Together= 70s ribosome

83
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic ribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

Eukaryotes subunits are heavier= larger subunit is 60s, smaller is 40s which together are 80s

84
Q

Why do certain antibiotics only target bacterial ribosomes?

A

Because bacterial ribosomes are different than eukaryotic ribosomes therefore they are able to get rid of a bacteria without killing all cells

85
Q

What is selective toxicity?

A

When an antibiotic targets certain cells without harming all cells

86
Q

What are inclusion bodies? Do all bacteria have them?

A

Deposits of nutrient granules which are stored for later use, no

87
Q

What are 4 examples of inclusion bodies?

A

sulfur granules, polysaccharide granules, lipid inclusions, and enzymes

88
Q

Do both gram positive and negative have endospore?

A

No, only gram positive

89
Q

What do endospores do?

A

Allow bacterium to resist heat, desiccation, chemicals and radiation

90
Q

What are endospores?

A

Similar to an apple seed, they dry up and hold only DNA so that later on when nutrients become available again, the cell is able to grow and reproduce once again

91
Q

What are two examples of spore forming bacteria?

A

Bacillus Anthracis

Clostridium Botulinum

92
Q

What is Clostridium Botulinum?

A

Botox

93
Q

What occurs in sporulation?

A
  1. Bacterial cell replicates its DNA
  2. A septum forms dividing cell
  3. The larger compartment engulfs the smaller forming a forespore within mother cell
  4. Peptidoglycan and other protective material form around forespore
  5. Spore is freed from mother cell
94
Q

What are 3 examples of simple eukaryotes?

A
  1. Protozoa- unicellular
  2. Algae- some uni, some multicellular
  3. Fungi- multicellular except yeast
95
Q

What are 2 examples of higher eukaryotes (more complex)

A

Plants and animals

96
Q

What is the 2 differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella and cilia

A

Eukaryotes- contain protein and cytoplasm, and move in whiplike fashion

Prokaryotes- are hollow and move in corkscrew motion

97
Q

Is the eukaryotic cell wall more or less complex than prokaryotic ?

A

Simpler structurally

98
Q

What is the cell wall in eukaryotes composed of?

A

Cellulose ( algae and plants)

Chitin (fungi)

99
Q

What makes the cell wall of a eukaryotic cell rigid?

A

Sterols

100
Q

What is endocytosis and are eukaryotic cells able to perform it?

A

Engulfing particles outside of the cell and brings it inside. Yes some cells are

101
Q

What is in the eukaryotic cytoplasm that is unique to it?

A

Cytoskeleton

102
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A
  • Provides support and shape

- Transports substances through the cell

103
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made of?

A

Protein filaments on inside of plasma membrane

104
Q

Are membrane bound organelles present in bacteria?

A

NO

Microbiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions