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Microbiology > Lecture #10 > Flashcards

Lecture #10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does innate immunity mean? (innate immune system)

A

Defences present at birth

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2
Q

How does the defences work in an innate immune system?

A

Non-specific defences, meaning they act against most microbes in the same way

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3
Q

Does the innate immune system have a memory component? (do they remember viruses?)

A

No, they cannot recall previous contact with a foreign microbe

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4
Q

When is the innate immune system present?

A

Always, from birth to death

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5
Q

When does the innate immune system respond?

A

Responds rapidly to an infection, and is active before the infection occurs

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6
Q

What are two barriers that the innate immune system uses to keep viruses out?

A
  1. Physical barriers

2. Chemical barriers

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7
Q

What are the secondary barriers the innate immune system uses to keep viruses out? What type of symptoms does that include?

A

Cellular defences: inflammation, fever and molecular defences

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8
Q

What are 3 types of physical barriers in the innate immune system?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucous membrane
  3. Fluid flow
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9
Q

What are 3 reasons that the skin is able to work as a physical barrier for the innate immune system?

A
  1. The outer layer of the skin consists of dead cells and protective protein called keratin
  2. Layers constantly shed removing microbes
  3. The skin is very dry, inhibiting microbial growth
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10
Q

Is the skin a good defence for the immune system?

A

Yes excellent and rarely is penetrated by microbes

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11
Q

What type of infection is able to grow on the skin? Explain it

A

Fungi, eating dead skin cells

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12
Q

Where do most infections occur in regards to the skin?

A

Underneath the skin

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13
Q

Some microbes that are able to eat dead skin cells and oils cause what?

A

Body Odour

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14
Q

Where are skin infections most commonly found?

A

Moist areas of the skin or in a moist environment

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15
Q

What is a mucous membrane

A

The membranes involved in fluid exchange

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16
Q

Is a mucous membrane more or less protective than skin?

A

Less

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17
Q

Where can mucous membrane be found?

A

Tracts such as digestive, reproductive and respiratory

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18
Q

What does the mucous membrane secrete? What does that help?

A

Secretes mucous (glycoprotein), which helps to keep the membrane from drying and cracking

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19
Q

How does the mucous membrane work to keep microbes out?

A
  1. The mucous traps microbes

2. Cilia then moves the mucous containing microbes away

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20
Q

What are mucocilary escalators?

A

The movement of mucous by cilia

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21
Q

What is fluid flow? What are examples of it?

A

Secretions that move microbes away and out of the body

ex. saliva, tears, urine and vaginal secretions

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22
Q

Regarding fluid flow, how does it connect to tracts?

A

Every tract has its own ability to get microbes out

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23
Q

What are 5 types of chemical barriers?

A
  1. Acidity of body fluids and skin
  2. Lysosomes
  3. The normal microflora
  4. Lactoferrin
  5. Defensins
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24
Q

Why does the skin and stomach fall into the chemical barrier category of the innate immune system?

A

Stomach: Hydrochloric acid with a pH of 2 therefore the low pH destroys bacteria and toxins
Skin: Fatty acids and lactic acid create a pH of 3-5 therefore prevent the growth of microbes

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25
Q

What does a lysozyme do to be considered a chemical barrier in the innate immune system?

A

It is an enzyme that degrades peptidoglycan (found in bacterial cell walls)

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26
Q

Where is the enzyme lysozyme found?

A

In sweat, tears, saliva and nasal secretions

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27
Q

What is normal microflora and why is it considered a chemical barrier for the innate immune system?

A

Functions to prevent the growth of pathogens.

This causes ‘all the seats in the room to be taken’ therefore the bacteria have no where to stay

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28
Q

How does normal microflora prevent the growth of pathogens?

A

Competitive exclusion and microbial antagonism

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29
Q

When is normal microflora acquired?

A

Right after birth

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30
Q

What is lactoferrin?

A

Iron binding proteins found in milk and mucus

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31
Q

Why is lactoferrin a chemical barrier?

A

It limits the iron available to microorganisms therefore slows the growth of microorganisms allowing the immune system to kill them a lot easier

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32
Q

What are defensins and what do they do that they are part of the chemical barrier category of the innate immune system?

A

Short polypeptides that pike holes in microbial membranes

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33
Q

Where do defensins come from?

A

Produced by epithelial cells

34
Q

What is the second line of defences for the innate immune system?

A

Cellular defences which are leukocytes

35
Q

What are leukocytes and when do they increase?

A

White Blood Cells, increase in numbers in response to infection

36
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

White blood cells that use phagocytosis to eat microbes

37
Q

What are two types of leukocytes?

A
  1. Granulocytes

2. Agranulocytes

38
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

White blood cells with large granules in their cytoplasm and are visible under the light microscope

39
Q

What are 3 types of granulocytes?

A
  1. Basophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Neutrophils
40
Q

What are basophils?

A

A subgroup of leukocytes that is a weak phagocyte that secrete chemo-attractants (to attract other cells)

41
Q

What do basophils also release (besides chemo-attractants) and what does it do?

A

Histamines, which cause allergies and inflammation

42
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Destroy large pathogens and produce extracellular digestive enzymes to attack the parasite

43
Q

What do neutrophils do for the innate immune system?

A

They are strong phagocytes that can leave the blood, enter the infected tissue and destroy foreign microbes and particles via phagocytosis

44
Q

What is the difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes?

A

Granulocytes- you can see granules under a microscope

Agranulocytes- cannot or hard to see granules under light microscope

45
Q

What are 3 types of agranulocytes?

A
  1. Monocyte
  2. Dendrite cells
  3. Lymphocytes
46
Q

What is the connection between monocytes and macrophages?

A

Monocytes- initially not phagocytic (baby) and when they leave the blood and enter the tissue they become macrophages

47
Q

What are macrophages and what do they do?

A

Mature monocytes and strong phagocytes, they are often found in organs and filter out invading pathogens as blood passes through

48
Q

What do dendrite cells do?

A

found in the tissue and in skin, they present foreign material cells to the adaptive immune system (present antigens)

49
Q

What is a lymphocyte and what are 3 types

A

Type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that is an agranulocyte.

  1. Natural killer cells
  2. B lymphocytes
  3. T lymphocytes
50
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

Go around looking for any cells that display unusual proteins in the plasma membrane and kill the infected body and tumor cells

51
Q

What are T and B lymphocytes part of?

A

Adaptive immunity

52
Q

During an infection, what type of cells move to the infected area?

A

Monocytes and granulocytes

53
Q

What are the 4 stages of phagocytes moving to an infection

A
  1. Chemotaxis
  2. Adherence
  3. Ingestion
  4. Digestion
54
Q

What occurs in chemotaxis stage?

A

Phagocytes are attracted to the foreign particles, damaged cells,etc

55
Q

What occurs in the adherence stage?

A

Phagocyte attaches to the foreign particle (it has to see something abnormal for it to be able to grab on)

56
Q

What occurs in the ingestion stage?

A

Pseudopods extend and engulf the particle which then the particle becomes trapped in the phagosome

57
Q

What occurs in the digestion stage?

A

Digestive enzymes enter the phagosome, which then takes 20-30 minutes to kill the bacterium

58
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of inflammation?

A

Pain, redness, heat, swelling and loss of function

59
Q

What 3 things does inflammation do?

A
  1. Destroys the injurious agent
  2. Prevents spreading of injurious agent
  3. Repairs and replaces damaged tissue
60
Q

What are 4 stages of inflammation?

A
  1. Tissue damage
  2. Vasodilation
  3. Phagocytosis
  4. Tissue repair
61
Q

What does vasodilatation mean? What does it allow in the infection sense?

A

Blood vessels open so that blood can reach affected areas, allowing more white blood cells to access area

62
Q

What occurs during vasodilation?

A

WBC bring nutrients for faster healing which causes the symptoms but allows for fibrinogen clot formation

63
Q

What is fibrinogen and when does it play a role?

A

Fibrinogen- an inactive protein factor in blood that waits for tissue damage, plays a role in inflammation

64
Q

What does fibrinogen clot formation do for inflammation?

A

Segregates the affected area and prevents the spread of infection (isolates everything)

65
Q

What occurs during phagocytosis? Tissue repair step?

A

Phagocytes destroy invading microbes

Tissue repair is when new cells are produced

66
Q

What is a fever and what part of the brain controls it?

A

An increase in body temperature

Controlled by the hypothalamus of the brain

67
Q

What triggers a fever? What do they all have in common?

A

Toxins, lps and chemicals produced by the immune system (they all reset the body’s thermostat)

68
Q

What are 4 things that result from a fever being caused?

A
  1. Muscle contractions (shivering)
  2. Increased temp
  3. Faster phagocytosis (do to #2)
  4. Slows growth of heat limited microbes
69
Q

What does increased temperature in a fever do to help you get better?

A

Causes faster metabolism which promotes healing

70
Q

What is the temperature of a fever that can cause death?

A

43 degrees

71
Q

What is the complement system?

A

A system composed of roughly 30 proteins that circulate in the blood and work together as a cascade (one triggers the next,etc). They can be triggered by surface molecules of invading microbes which then result in a complement cascade

72
Q

What is an example of a surface molecule that can trigger complement system?

A

Lipopolysaccharide

73
Q

What are the 3 stages of the complement system?

A
  1. Opsonization
  2. Enhance Inflammation
  3. Cytolysis
74
Q

What occurs in the opsonization stage of the complement system?

A

C (complement) proteins attach to microbes and act as a flag to attract a phagocyte which allows increase of phagocytosis by 1000x

75
Q

What occurs in the enhance inflammation stage of the complement system?

A

Increases blood vessel permeability which attracts phagocytes to infection site

76
Q

What occurs in the cytolysis stage of the complement system?

A

Formation of tthe membrane attack complex which pokes holes in the bacterial cell membrane

77
Q

What is interferon and what does it do?

A

Is proteins that is released by infected cells to warn neighbouring cells and interferes with viral replication

78
Q

What is the benefit of releasing interferon?

A

Allows the neighbouring cells time to produce anti viral proteins

79
Q

What are 4 downsides of interferon proteins?

A
  1. Do not help cells already infected
  2. Only effective for a short period of time
  3. Causes side effects
  4. Can be toxic to organs
80
Q

What are the side effects of interferon proteins?

A

Nausea, vomiting, fatigue, headache and fever

Microbiology (16 decks)

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