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Microbiology > Lecture #1 > Flashcards

Lecture #1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are 3 types of microorganisms?

A
  1. Prokaryotes
  2. Eukaryotes
  3. Viruses
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2
Q

What category of microorganism do bacteria and archaea fall under

A

Prokaryotes

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3
Q

What two things fall under the eukaryote?

A
  1. Protozoa

2. Fungi

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4
Q

What is a virus

A

Acellular requiring living host cells to produce

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5
Q

What are two characteristics of prokaryotes

A
  1. Lack a membrane bound nucleus

2. Single circular chromosome

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6
Q

How would you describe archaea?

A

Able to live in adverse environmental conditions

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7
Q

What are 3 examples of where archaea can survive?

A
  1. High salt concentrations
  2. High temperatures
  3. Acidic environments
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8
Q

What is a characteristics of eukaryotes

A
  1. Contain a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles
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9
Q

What are protozoa and fungi considered in the eukaryotes group?

A

Microbes

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10
Q

What is the nomenclature where the genus name is followed by the species name?

A

Binomial System of Nomenclature

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11
Q

What often exists within a genus?

A

Many species

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12
Q

When writing the genus and species of bacteria, what are two ways it can be written?

A
  1. Italicized or underlined

2. First letter of genus capitalized and the name of the species, not capitalized.

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13
Q

Microorganisms are very important in what 3 areas

A

Human, animal and plant life

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14
Q

What are 5 ways microorganisms (microbiology) is important

A
  1. Gave way to intro and development of higher life forms
  2. To degrade organic material and nitrogen fixation
  3. Production of antibiotics
  4. Prevent growth of harmful bacteria in body
  5. Fermentation of food
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15
Q

What occurred in 1665?

A

Robert Hooke discovers cells

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16
Q

The discovery of cells leads to the start of what?

A

Cell theory

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17
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

All things living are composed of cells

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18
Q

What did Anthoni van Leeuwenhoek call live microbes

A

animalcules

19
Q

Who used a microscope to view live microbes

A

Anthoni can Leeuwenhoek

20
Q

What is the Spontaneous Generation theory?

A

Bacteria arises spontaneously from non-living matter

21
Q

Who rejected the spontaneous generation theory

A

Louis Pasteur

22
Q

What is the biogenesis theory?

A

The hypothesis that living matter arises only from preexisting living matter

23
Q

Which theory is currently accepted: Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

A

Biogenesis

24
Q

Who discovered fermentation?

A

Louis Pasteur

25
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Yeast converting sugar to alcohol in absence of oxygen

26
Q

How can the souring of milk and alcohol be prevented?

A

When the bacteria present convert sugar into vinegar. Heating the milk/alcohol kills off the bacteria present and prevents spoilage

27
Q

The preventing of spoilage of milk and alcohol is called

A

Pasteurization

28
Q

What did Joseph Lister discover in the 1860’s?

A

Phenol

29
Q

What was phenol used for?

A

Used to clean wounds and surgical instruments decrease the incidence of wound infections

30
Q

What is the Germ theory of Disease?

A

Belief that microorganisms are responsible for disease

31
Q

Who developed the germ theory of disease?

A

Robert Koch

32
Q

Robert Koch developed the germ theory of disease on the basis that….

A

Microbes alter the chemical and physical nature of organic material

33
Q

Germ theory of disease led to the development of..?

A

Koch’s postulates

34
Q

What is koch’s postulates?

A

Used today in order to prove that a specific microbe is responsible for a specific disease

35
Q

How was koch’s postulates developed?

A
  1. He isolated Bacillus anthraces from blood of infected cows
  2. Grew the B. anthraces into healthy mice and they developed anthrax
  3. B. anthraces was isolated from mice and grown once again
36
Q

Who developed the small pox vaccine?

A

Edward Jenner

37
Q

How did Edward Jenner develop the small pox vaccine?

A

After observing the people who had had infected with cow pox, they were immune to small pox, he injected a boy with cow pox and became middle ill. Later he discovered the boy was immune to small pox

38
Q

Who developed the idea of selectively toxicity?

A

Paul Ehrlich

39
Q

What is selective toxicity?

A

The ability to either kill or inhibit the growth of pathogenic organisms while leaving the host unharmed

40
Q

What is anti-microbial solvarsan useful for? Who discovered it?

A

To cure syphilis without damaging host cells. Discovered by Paul Ehrlich

41
Q

What did alexander flemming discover?

A

Discovered Penicillin

42
Q

What was penicillin discovered from?

A

A product of the old Penicillium Chrysogenum was able to inhibit the growth of bacteria on plates contaminated with mold

43
Q

What was the mold that penicillin was discovered with

A

Penicillium Chrysogenum

Microbiology (16 decks)

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