Lecture #1 Flashcards
What are 3 types of microorganisms?
- Prokaryotes
- Eukaryotes
- Viruses
What category of microorganism do bacteria and archaea fall under
Prokaryotes
What two things fall under the eukaryote?
- Protozoa
2. Fungi
What is a virus
Acellular requiring living host cells to produce
What are two characteristics of prokaryotes
- Lack a membrane bound nucleus
2. Single circular chromosome
How would you describe archaea?
Able to live in adverse environmental conditions
What are 3 examples of where archaea can survive?
- High salt concentrations
- High temperatures
- Acidic environments
What is a characteristics of eukaryotes
- Contain a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles
What are protozoa and fungi considered in the eukaryotes group?
Microbes
What is the nomenclature where the genus name is followed by the species name?
Binomial System of Nomenclature
What often exists within a genus?
Many species
When writing the genus and species of bacteria, what are two ways it can be written?
- Italicized or underlined
2. First letter of genus capitalized and the name of the species, not capitalized.
Microorganisms are very important in what 3 areas
Human, animal and plant life
What are 5 ways microorganisms (microbiology) is important
- Gave way to intro and development of higher life forms
- To degrade organic material and nitrogen fixation
- Production of antibiotics
- Prevent growth of harmful bacteria in body
- Fermentation of food
What occurred in 1665?
Robert Hooke discovers cells
The discovery of cells leads to the start of what?
Cell theory
What is the cell theory?
All things living are composed of cells
What did Anthoni van Leeuwenhoek call live microbes
animalcules
Who used a microscope to view live microbes
Anthoni can Leeuwenhoek
What is the Spontaneous Generation theory?
Bacteria arises spontaneously from non-living matter
Who rejected the spontaneous generation theory
Louis Pasteur
What is the biogenesis theory?
The hypothesis that living matter arises only from preexisting living matter
Which theory is currently accepted: Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
Biogenesis
Who discovered fermentation?
Louis Pasteur
What is fermentation?
Yeast converting sugar to alcohol in absence of oxygen
How can the souring of milk and alcohol be prevented?
When the bacteria present convert sugar into vinegar. Heating the milk/alcohol kills off the bacteria present and prevents spoilage
The preventing of spoilage of milk and alcohol is called
Pasteurization
What did Joseph Lister discover in the 1860’s?
Phenol
What was phenol used for?
Used to clean wounds and surgical instruments decrease the incidence of wound infections
What is the Germ theory of Disease?
Belief that microorganisms are responsible for disease
Who developed the germ theory of disease?
Robert Koch
Robert Koch developed the germ theory of disease on the basis that….
Microbes alter the chemical and physical nature of organic material
Germ theory of disease led to the development of..?
Koch’s postulates
What is koch’s postulates?
Used today in order to prove that a specific microbe is responsible for a specific disease
How was koch’s postulates developed?
- He isolated Bacillus anthraces from blood of infected cows
- Grew the B. anthraces into healthy mice and they developed anthrax
- B. anthraces was isolated from mice and grown once again
Who developed the small pox vaccine?
Edward Jenner
How did Edward Jenner develop the small pox vaccine?
After observing the people who had had infected with cow pox, they were immune to small pox, he injected a boy with cow pox and became middle ill. Later he discovered the boy was immune to small pox
Who developed the idea of selectively toxicity?
Paul Ehrlich
What is selective toxicity?
The ability to either kill or inhibit the growth of pathogenic organisms while leaving the host unharmed
What is anti-microbial solvarsan useful for? Who discovered it?
To cure syphilis without damaging host cells. Discovered by Paul Ehrlich
What did alexander flemming discover?
Discovered Penicillin
What was penicillin discovered from?
A product of the old Penicillium Chrysogenum was able to inhibit the growth of bacteria on plates contaminated with mold
What was the mold that penicillin was discovered with
Penicillium Chrysogenum
