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Microbiology > Lecture #14 > Flashcards

Lecture #14 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

An antigenic response beyond what is considered normal (an allergy)

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2
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity is called what type of response?

A

An anaphylactic response

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3
Q

During Type 1 hypersensitivity, what occurs during the first encounter with the allergen?

A

B cells differentiate into plasma and memory cells.

Memory cells make IgE which then binds to mast cells and basophils

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of the first encounter during hypersensitivity type 1

A

No apparent symptoms

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5
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity is antibody mediated and which are cell mediated?

A

Type 1,2,3 are antibody mediated

Type 4 is cell mediated

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6
Q

What occurs during the second encounter of the allergen in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

IgE molecules bind to the antigen and mast cells or basophils release histamine

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7
Q

In type 1 hypersensitivity, what occurs when histamine is released?

A
  • Vasodilation, swelling, itching, etc
  • Mucous production (tears, runny nose, etc)
  • Contraction of bronchial muscles causing difficulty breathing
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8
Q

If they antigen is spread through the body during type 1 sensitivity, what does that cause?

A

Sudden decrease in blood pressure (anaphylactic shock)

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9
Q

What are 3 treatments for type 1 hypersensitivity?

A
  1. Antihistamine
  2. Epinephrine
  3. Allergy Shot
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10
Q

What does an antihistamine do to treat type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Blocks the action of histamine (histamine can still be produced but it does not trigger inflammation)

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11
Q

When does antihistamine work well?

A

When mild symptoms are present

Ex. Hay fever

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12
Q

What does epinephrine do to treat type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Acts as a vasoconstrictor, increasing blood pressure. Acts for 20-30 minutes buying time for administration of an intravenous antihistamine.

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13
Q

What is epinephrine used to treat?

A

Anaphylactic shock

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14
Q

What does an allergy shot do to treat type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Induces memory cells that produce IgG instead of IgE. IgG will and to and neutralize the antigen preventing it from binding IgE which prevents the release of histamine

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15
Q

How often is an allergy shot given for type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Increasing doses are given over 2 years

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16
Q

What is type 2 hypersensitivity?

A

Antibody dependant cytotoxicity (needs antibody to be toxic to cells)
Antibodies are produced by foreign human cells

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17
Q

How is a blood transfusion an example of type 2 hypersensitivity?

A
  • Antibodies target A and B antigens on red blood cells.

- Activates macrophages leading to phagocytosis and complement activation against the foreign cell

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18
Q

When can Rh factor only occur?

A

The second or subsequent pregnancy

19
Q

What is Rh in regards to blood?

A

A surface antigen on rbc

20
Q

When can Hemolytic Disease occur in children?

A

When a child is produced between an Rh- women and an Rh+ man

21
Q

If a child is Rh+ with the Hemolytic Disease, what happens?

A

The mother can make antibodies against the Rh+ blood cells which can kill the baby after birth

22
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity is caused by immune complex formations?

A

Type 3 Hypersensitivity

23
Q

Why does type 3 hypersensitivity occur?

A

Occurs when there is an accumulation of immune complexes (antibody-antigen complexes) that have not be adequately cleared. They get trapped in the membrane causing problems

24
Q

When would inflammation and damage to blood vessels be caused with type 3 hypersensitivity?

A

When complements are activated which then activates neutrophils to release enzymes

25
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity is considered “delayed”?

A

Type 4 Hypersensitivity

26
Q

Since type 4 hypersensitivity is cell mediated (not antibody mediated), what does this cause? Why?

A

Causes a delayed reaction 24-72 hours after contact and is caused by the activation of memory Tc cells

27
Q

What are 2 examples of type 4 hypersensitivity?

A 
Contact Dermatitis (skin rash)
Poison Ivy
28
Q

How is type 4 hypersensitivity caused?

A

When small chemicals interact with the skin proteins to form antigen, which causes a change is skin cells. The body causes a cell mediated immune response against abnormal cells, targets a localized area of the skin, then cytotoxic T cells destroy altered skin cells causing itchy, redness, etc

29
Q

How is poison ivy an example of type 4 hypersensitivity?

A

First contact: limited response and no dermatitis results (memory T cells are produced)
Second contact: Memory T cells differentiate into activated cytotoxic T cells, causing allergic reaction (contact dermatitis)

30
Q

Why when a transplant occurs, does the body want to reject the organ?

A

Because a cell mediated response occurs against antigenic ally different MHC molecules (the organ is attacked by T cells and natural killer cells)

31
Q

In order for a transplant to be successful (the body not reject the organ), what needs to occur?

A

The tissues need to be closely matched, and drugs are taken to suppress the immune response

32
Q

What drug is used after transplants to prevent rejection? What does it do?

A

Cyclosporin- prevents the colonial expansion of T cells

33
Q

When transplant patients are on cyclosporin, why are they kept in isolation?

A

Because their immune responses are suppressed do to the cyclosporin making them extremely susceptible to infection

34
Q

What are 2 types of immunodeficiency disorders?

A
  1. Primary (congenital) immunodeficiency

2. Acquired Immunodeficiency

35
Q

What is an example of primary immunodeficiency? What occurs?

A

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID)- when your T and B cells are non functional allowing for severe infections

36
Q

What is an example of Acquired Immunodeficiency? Explain what happens

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)- HIV infects and kills T helper cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. This causes the patient to be extremely susceptible to infection because both antibody and cell mediated immune responses are impaired

37
Q

What does autoimmune disease mean?

A

When the body mounts an immune response against itself

38
Q

When would autoimmune disease occur?

A
  • In response to an infection
  • Inherited
  • Unknown
39
Q

What are 4 types of autoimmune diseases?

A
  1. Rheumatic Fever
  2. Rheumatoid
  3. Lupus
  4. Multiple Sclerosis
40
Q

When is Rheumatic Fever common to develop? What happens in the body?

A

Following strep throat
Antibodies are produced against the streptococcus M protein. Since the M protein is very similar to the heart muscle protein, the antibodies attack the heart causing tissue damage

41
Q

What happens in the body that results in Rheumatoid Arthritis? What does it cause?

A

IgM, IgG and complement proteins act against and bind to collagen in the joints.
Causes chronic inflammation and joint pain

42
Q

What happens in the body that causes Lupus?

A

Antibodies are produced to chromatin (complex of protein, DNA and RNA). This chromatin antibody complex accumulated in the joints, kidneys and blood vessels

43
Q

What happens in the body to cause Multiple Sclerosis?

A

T cells and macrophages attack the myelin sheath covering neurons

44
Q

What symptoms are caused from multiple sclerosis? What can trigger it?

A

Symptoms- mild fatigue to severe paralysis

Can be triggered by infection with the Epstein- Barr Virus

Microbiology (16 decks)

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