Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Lecture #11 > Flashcards

Lecture #11 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an adaptive immune response?

A

A specific defence that responds to an invasion of a foreign object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Does the adaptive immune system have a memory aspect?

A

Yes, the foreign object can be learnt so next time you won’t get sick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Is the adaptive immune system acquired naturally or artificially?

A

Both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How would adaptive immune system be acquired natural?

A

An organism or toxin enters the body and promotes immune response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an example of how natural adaptive immunity is acquired?

A

Mother to child via placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How would the adaptive immune system be acquired artificially?

A

Can result from an immunization with a vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are two components of the adaptive immune system?

A

Specific and memory component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is the adaptive immune system specific?

A

The immune response will only protect against one disease and does not protect against others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is one exception for the specificness of the adaptive immune system? Give an example

A

When two disease are very closely related, the immune system can respond to both.
Ex. Cow pox and small pox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the memory component of the adaptive immune system?

A

The immune system will respond much stronger upon re-exposure to the virus and it serves as long term immunity (can be for life)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are two types of responses that occur from the adaptive immune system?

A
  1. Antibody mediated response

2. Cell mediated response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is another word for antibody mediated response?

A

Humoral response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does the antibody mediated response of the adaptive immune system work?

A

Small molecules called antibodies or immunoglobulins bind to and inactivate foreign particles (cells, toxins, pollen,etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does the cell mediated response of the adaptive immune system work?

A

Triggers activation of lymphocytes which recognize and destroy abnormal or infected host cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can lymphocytes of the cell mediated response do besides attacking cells?

A

Can attack bigger targets such as tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between an antigen and an antibody?

A

Antigen- foreign particles (bad)

Antibodies- good molecules which destroy bad cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do we develop immunity?

A

The immune system recognizes an antigen and responds by:

  1. Producing Antibodies to the antigen
  2. Triggers specific killer cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When the body produces antibodies to kill the antigen, what occurs? What is this called?

A

They produces antibody proteins that specifically bind and inactivate antigens
Called a humoral response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When the immune system triggers specific killing cells what occurs? What is this also called?

A

The killer cells destroy large antigens and abnormal infected host cells
Called mediated immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a humoral response?

What is a mediated immune response?

A

Humoral: when antibodies are produced to kill the antigens

Mediated immune response: triggering of specific killer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an antigen? What can it be broken into?

A

Antigen is a foreign particle that enters the body

Epitope is an antigen broken into smaller parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the point of an epitope?

A

It is a particular portion of the antigen that is recognized by the antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A proteins produced response to an antigen or epitope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do antibodies bind to antigens?

A

In a very specific manner, like a lock and key

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is another work for an antibody?

A

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 4 parts of an antibody

A
  1. 2 identical heavy chains
  2. 2 identical light chains
  3. 2 identical antigen binding sites
  4. A constant fragment (Fc)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the light and heavy chains in an antibody held together by?

A

Covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the 2 binding sites on an antibody called? What is it specific for? How many antigens can it connect to?

A

Fab, and is specific for one epitope.

Can connect to two antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the constant fragment (Fc) on an antibody do?

A

Binds compliment proteins and phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

A
  1. Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
  2. Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
  3. Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
  4. Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
  5. Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which class of antibody is the most common?

A

Immunoglobulin G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where is IgG found?

A

In blood but can also enter inflamed tissues because they are so small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which antibody class is able to cross the placenta and pass on passive immunity to fetus?

A

IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which antibody class binds to antigens well and is able to form clumps?

A

IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How many proteins are found in IgG?

A

It is a monomer so only one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How many proteins are found in IgM? How many antigens is it able to bind to?

A

A pentamer- with 5 antibody units allowing it to bind to 10 antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where is IgM found? Attached to what?

A

Remains in blood (too big to get into tissue), attached to the surface of B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Which antibody is the first type produced upon infection?

A

IgM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is IgM good at?

A

aggregating antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How many binding spots does IgA have for antigens? How many antibodies it is (what is the name for it)?

A

4 binding spots, two antibodies (called a dimer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where is IgA found? What does it protect?

A

In body secretions and protects mucosal surfaces

42
Q

What does IgA do for newborns?

A

Protects the gastrointestinal tract

43
Q

What does IgD do?

A

Unknown function

44
Q

Where is IgE found?

A

Surface of certain immune cells such as mast cells and basophils

45
Q

What do IgE do?

A

When it binds to an antigen, it releases histamine. This attracts compliment and phagocytes to the area

46
Q

What does histamine cause?

A

Allergy symptoms

47
Q

What are 6 functions of antibodies?

A
  1. Agglutination
  2. Neutralization
  3. Complement Activation
  4. Opsonization
  5. Antibody Dependant Cytotoxicity
  6. Immobilization
48
Q

What is agglutination in regards to antibody function

A

When antigens become stuck together which allows the number of infectious units to be decreased and able to be dealt with

49
Q

What is neutralization in regards to antibody function

A

When the antibody binds to and inactivates toxins, bacteria and viruses (bear hugging you, blocking your way)

50
Q

Which function of antibodies is the first step to getting rid of a virus?

A

Neutralization

51
Q

What is compliment activation in regards to antibodies

A

Antibody binds to bacteria and therefore acts as the starting point for the complement pathway (MAC attack)

52
Q

What is opsonization in regards to antibody function?

A

Flags down the phagocytic cells to destroy the antigen

53
Q

What is antibody dependant cytotoxicity in regards to antibody function?

A

The antibodies flag down cells of the immune system to destroy abnormal or infected body cells

54
Q

What is immobilization and prevention of adherence in regards to antibody function?

A

Antibody binds to flagella to inhibit movement of pathogen and an antibody binds to the pili to stop adherence of pathogen

55
Q

What are the cells of the adaptive immune system?

A
  1. Lymphocytes: B and T cells
    - T cells: Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells
  2. Antigen Presenting Cells (ABC)
56
Q

What are two types of lymphocytes?

A
  1. B lymphocytes (b for bone marrow) (b cells)

2. T lymphocytes (T cells)

57
Q

What do B lymphocytes do? Where are they produced?

A

They produce antibodies and are involved in humoral (antibody mediated) response.
Produced in bone marrow by stem cells

58
Q

Where are T cells produced/matured?

A

Produced in bone marrow but mature in the thymus gland

59
Q

What are two types of t lymphocytes (t cells)?

A
  1. Helper T cells

2. Cytotoxic T cells

60
Q

What do helper t cells do?

A

Help B and cytotoxic T cells prepare for an immune response

61
Q

What type of immune response are helper T cells part of?

A

Humoral (antibody) and cell mediated immunity

62
Q

What type of cells do HIV viruses infect?

A

Helper T cells

63
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

The lyse (burst) foreign or abnormal host cells

64
Q

What type of response are the cytotoxic T cells apart of?

A

Cell mediated immune response

65
Q

What are 3 types of cells that are antigen presenting cells?

A

Macrophages, B cells and Dendritic cells

66
Q

What cells produce antibodies?

A

Red and White blood cells

67
Q

What do antigen presenting cells do?

A

Patrol around and look for antigen that shouldn’t be found inside the tissue

68
Q

What is the first stage of antigen presenting cells?

A

Foreign material such as bacterial cell is engulfed by the antigen presenting cell

69
Q

What is the second stage of the antigen presenting cell?

A

The antigen is processed and presented to T helper cells of the immune system as well as self antigens

70
Q

What are self antigens part of (what complex)?

A

The major histocompatibility complex

71
Q

Why are antigens found by the antigen presenting cells taken to both T helper cells and self antigens?

A

To check them to prevent the destruction of our own cells by mistake

72
Q

What is the 3rd stage of antigen presenting cells?

A

T helper cells become activated against foreign material

73
Q

Where are MHC 1 receptors found? MHC 2?

A

MHC 1: surface of every cell with a nucleus

MHC 2: only on antigen presenting cells

74
Q

What does it mean when an antigen is endogenous

A

Originates inside the compromised cell

75
Q

What does it mean when an antigen is exogenous?

A

Brings the antigen into cell, breaks it into pieces and chooses to take up the exogenous antigen

76
Q

What are the 4 stages of antibody production?

A
  1. Antigen enters body
  2. A t helper cell binds to it and presents b cells after recognizing the antigen bound to the MHC protein
  3. T helper cells deliver cytokines that stimulate the B cells
  4. Clonial expansion occurs
77
Q

Which type of cells have MHC1 or 2 receptors on them?

A

APC (macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells)

78
Q

Which type of cells have CD4 or CD8 on them?

A

T helper cells and Cytotoxic t cells

79
Q

During antibody production, when the antigen enters the body, what happens?

A
  1. Antigen is phagocytize and destroyed by the B cells

2. Small fragments of the antigen will be presented on the surface of B cell along with MHC

80
Q

What occurs when, during antibody production, the B cell are stimulated?

A

The B cell multiplies and divides producing more identical B cells that will then fight off the specific antigen

81
Q

When clonial expansion happens during the production of an antigen, what can the B cells divide and differentiate into?

A

Either plasma cells or memory cells

82
Q

What are the characteristics of plasma cells?

A
  • Produce antibodies
  • short lifespan
  • produce many antibodies
83
Q

How long do memory cells live? Where are they found?

A 
Live long (20-30 years)
Circulate in the blood
84
Q

What do memory cells do when they discover an antigen?

A

Quickly changes, multiplies and becomes an antibody producing plasma

85
Q

What is a primary response vs a secondary response in regards to the adaptive immune system?

A

Primary: response that occurs the first time the body encounters an antigen
Secondary: response that occurs every time after the primary encounter

86
Q

What occurs during a primary response of the adaptive immune system?

A

The antigen stimulates production of low levels of antibodies (5-7 days).
IgM is made first then IgG and IgA
The final product is memory built for the antigen

87
Q

What occurs during the secondary response of the adaptive immune system?

A

High levels of antibody are produced (1-2 days, quick) and therefore the infection is quickly overcome, afterward memory cells are replenished

88
Q

When is cell mediated immune response activated?

A

By invading cells or abnormal host cells

89
Q

What cells are involved in a cell mediated immune response?

A

APC’s, T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells

90
Q

What are the 3 stages of cell mediated immune response?

A
  1. Recognition of Abnormal host cells
  2. Endogenous Antigens processed and displayed on cell surface
  3. Perforins and Granzymes
91
Q

What cells are considered abnormal when talking about cell mediated immune response?

A
  • virus infected cells,
  • bacteria infected cells
  • cancer cells
  • foreign cells (blood transfusion or bone marrow transplant)
92
Q

When T cells recognize abnormal host cells during cell mediated immune response, what happens?

A

A dendritic cell engulfs foreign antigen and presents it to a specific cytotoxic cell. Memory T cells and Cytotoxic T lymphocytes then are produced

93
Q

During step two of cell mediated immune response, what happens?

A

Endogenous antigen is processed and displayed on cell surface of antigen presenting cells with MHC1 self antigen

94
Q

What occurs in the Perforins and Granzymes step of cell mediated immune response?

A

Perforins and Granzymes are released from the cytotoxic T cell.
Perforins poke holes in cell membrane of abnormal cells
Granzymes cause infected cell to undergo apoptosis

95
Q

What is apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

96
Q

What is active immunization?

A

The body goes through the complete process to generate specific antibody or cytotoxic T cells

97
Q

Is active immunization natural or artificial?

A

Can be either

98
Q

What is natural immunization? Artificial?

A

Natural- When the antigen is encountered from the environment
Artificial- when the antigen is injected as a vaccine

99
Q

What is passive immunization? What is the downfall?

A

Being given the ready made antibody.

Downfall is it does not result in long lasting immunity

100
Q

Is passive immunity natural or artificial?

A

Both

101
Q

What is an example of natural passive immunization?

A

From mother to infant.
IgG is transferred from mother to fetus via placenta
IgA is transferred from mother to child via milk

102
Q

What is artificial passive immunization? Give an example

A

Pre-made antibody injected for when in need of fast acting.

Ex. life threatening situations such as snake venom- an antitoxin antibody is given

Microbiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions