Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Lecture #2 > Flashcards

Lecture #2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an atom?

A

Smallest unit of matter which can partake in a chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is formed when two or more atoms are joined together?

A

A molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Does a molecule have to be composed of all different atoms?

A

No, it can contain same molecules eg. O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What 3 things does is every atom composed of?

A

Nucleus, Proton, Neutron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Protons and neutrons are equal when…?

A

The atom is stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The atomic number is the number of…?

A

Protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The nucleus will always carry a net positive charge because?

A

Neutrons have no charge so there is just positive charge in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Electrons are located in….?

A

Orbitals outside of the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why are nuclear contents referred to as stable?

A

Because they do not participate in chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When an atom loses an electron, it has what type of charge?

A

Net positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When an atom has an overall negative or positive charged, it is referred to as an?

A

Ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Atoms carrying a negative charged is called? Positive?

A

Anion, Cation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A chemical bond is formed when

A

The outer shell electrons interact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 types of chemical bonds found in living organisms?

A
  1. Covalent
  2. Ionic
  3. Hydrogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Are covalent bonds strong or weak?

A

Very strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are covent bonds formed?

A

When two atoms share electrons with their outer shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of bond does water have? Between what elements?

A

Covalent bond between hydrogen and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are ionic bonds formed?

A

As a result of the attractive force between ions of opposite force, they do not share electrons, rather donate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Are hydrogen bonds weak or strong?

A

Weaker than covalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What element is most common in human cells? Why?

A

Carbon, because it has sides that can covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is a hydrogen bond formed?

A

When hydrogen is covalently bonded to oxygen or another electron loving molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are polar molecules?

A

Unequal sharing of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of sharing occurs in hydrogen bonds? Why?

A

Polar molecules result because the atom bound to hydrogen is electron loving, it holds it closer to the nucleus then hydrogen resulting in unequal sharing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Explain which atom receives partial negative/positive charge on polar molecules

A

Partial positive for hydrogen

Partial negative on the electron loving atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Are hydrogen bonds strong or weak?

A

Weakest out of the 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Compounds containing carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

Compounds that do not contain carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of compounds do organisms require to live and reproduce?

A

Inorganic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What allows water to be so able to dissolve many things?

A

The partial positive and negative bonds allow it to dissolve many things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What molecule is called a partial solvent? What does that mean?

A

H2O because it dissolved material and electron are not equally shared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How many hydrogen bonds can H2O have max?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are 4 reasons why living things make such good use of water?

A
  1. Water is an excellent solvent
  2. Every H2O molecule can form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules
  3. Water is a great temperature buffer because of its strong hydrogen bonds
  4. Water is easily split into its component ions H+ and OH-
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Why is water a great solvent?

A

Because water can dissolve many ionic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

A solution with water is formed when?

A

The partial positive region within H2O molecules surround ions and partial negative region of H2O molecules surround positive ions, holding them in a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What gives water such a high boiling point?

A

Because hydrogen is able to have 4 bonds allowing it to form networks of interconnected molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What allows water to stay liquid in most places it is found on earth?

A

It’s high boiling point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Why is water such a great temperature buffer?

A

Because of its strong hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What allows water to play key roles in many chemical reactions?

A

Its ability to be easily split into its component ions H+ and OH-

39
Q

What outer 4 electrons allow it to form what?

A

4 covalent bonds with lots of different atoms

40
Q

What are the 4 major classes of organic compounds found in living things?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
41
Q

What is the energy source that can immediately used by cells?

A

Carbs

42
Q

Are carbohydrates polar or non polar?

A

Polar (so they dissolve in water)

43
Q

What elements do carbohydrates always have?

A

C, H and O

44
Q

What ratio is carbohydrates usually found in

A

C, H2, O

45
Q

What are the 3 major groups of carbs?

A
  1. Monosaccharide
  2. Disaccharide
  3. Polysaccharide
46
Q

What are two examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose and Fructose

47
Q

What does monosaccharide mean?

A

One sugar

48
Q

What is an example of a disaccharide? What is it made up of?

A

Sucrose, made from glucose and fructose

49
Q

What does disaccharide mean

A

Two sugars

50
Q

What does ‘Like Dissolved Like’ mean?

A

ex. H2O is polar as well as sugar therefore it dissolves well

51
Q

What is a polysaccharide made up of?

A

Many sugars (hundreds)

52
Q

Which type of carb is often no water soluble? Why?

A

Polysaccharides because they are often too large

53
Q

What are 3 examples of polysaccharides?

A

Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen

54
Q

What type of polysaccharide allows us to store excess sugar?

A

Glycogen

55
Q

What are 3 types of lipids?

A
  1. Fats
  2. Complex lipids (phospholipids)
  3. Steroids
56
Q

Why are lipids heterogenous?

A

Because many things represent it

57
Q

Where are lipids found in a cell?

A

Cell membrane, phospholipid bilayer

58
Q

Why are lipids used as a means of energy storage?

A

Because a gram of fat can store 2x the mount of energy compared to a sugar

59
Q

What does are body store extra energy as

A

Lipids

60
Q

Why are lipids non reactive to water?

A

Because they are non polar

61
Q

What are fats composed of?

A

A glycerol molecule and 1-3 fatty acids?

62
Q

What are 3 types of fats? What are they composed of?

A

Monoacylglyceride- Glycerol and 1 Fatty Acid
Diacylglyceride- Glycerol and 2 Fatty Acids
Triacylglyceride- Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids

63
Q

Fatty acids can be different by whether it is…….?

A

Saturated or Unsaturated

64
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats

A

Saturated= No double bonds, and saturated with a hydrogen atom
Non saturated= Has at least 1 double bond, fewer hydrogen atoms (less saturated with hydrogen)

65
Q

What are complex lipids made up of?

A

Glycerol, 2 Fatty Acids and a phosphate group

66
Q

What makes steroids structurally distinct from other lipids

A

It’s 4 ring structure

67
Q

Steroids are found in mainly?

A

Eukaryotes not prokaryotes

68
Q

What are two examples of steroids

A

Cholesterol and Vitamin D

69
Q

Proteins are formed from

A

Amino acids

70
Q

How many known amino acids are there?

A

20

71
Q

What are all proteins (amino acids) composed of

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen

72
Q

Each amino acid has what 3 molecule compounds?

A

Amino group, Carboxyl group and a side group (which is different on each AA)

73
Q

What determines the chemical properties of the amino acid?

A

The side group R-

74
Q

What type of bond holds the amino acids together when forming a protein? Are they ionic, covalent or hydrogen bonds)

A

Peptide bond which are covalent (can be other)

75
Q

What are short chains of AA called? Long chains?

A

Peptides, Polypeptide which are proteins

76
Q

What determines the shape of the protein?

A

The specific amino acid sequence

77
Q

What two things are proteins important for in a cell

A
  1. Structural components (membrane channels)

2. Enzymes which increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur in the cell

78
Q

What are nucleic acids made up of?

A

Nucleotides

79
Q

What are the 3 components are nucleotides are made up of?

A

Nitrogenous base, Pentose sugar and a phosphate group

80
Q

What are two nitrogenous base ‘groups’

A
  1. purines

2. pyrimidines

81
Q

Which nitrogenous base contains two rings. Which contains one?

A

2 rings- purines

1 ring- pyrimidines

82
Q

What are two types of purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

83
Q

What are 3 types of pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil

84
Q

What is a pentose sugar?

A

A 5 carbon sugar

85
Q

What are two types of pentose sugars?

A

Ribose and Deoxyribose

86
Q

What is the phosphate group in a nucleotide attached to and what does it serve as?

A

Attached to the nucleotide and serves as a site for attachment for the next nucleotide

87
Q

What are two types of nucleic acids

A
  1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

88
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA- composed of Deoxyribose sugar

RNA- composed of Ribose sugar

89
Q

Which Nucleic acid is single stranded, which is double?

A

DNA- double

RNA- single

90
Q

How is each strand of DNA held together?

A

A hydrogen bond

91
Q

What in DNA forms the genetic instructions for the organism

A

The oder of nucleotide sequence which is very specific

92
Q

Which nucleotides make up DNA vs RNA

A

DNA- A,C,T,G

RNA- A, C, U and G

93
Q

What does RNA do?

A

Communicates instructions when forming DNA

Microbiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions