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Microbiology > Lecture #6 > Flashcards

Lecture #6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does sterilization mean?

A

The absolute removal or destruction of all microbial life and viruses

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2
Q

In sterilization, are all microorganisms eliminated? Endospores?

A

All microorganisms are eliminated including endospores

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3
Q

What does it mean to disinfect?

A

Destruction of pathogenic microorganisms

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4
Q

Does disinfection kill all microorganisms?

A

Most but not all

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5
Q

What are two examples of chemical disinfectants?

A

Chemical and bleach

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6
Q

What does antisepsis?

A

Disinfection of living tissue

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7
Q

What does degerming mean?

A

Removal of most microbes from a limited area

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8
Q

What is an example of mechanical removal?

A

Swabbing a small area of skin with alcohol

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9
Q

What does sanitization do?

A

Lower the microbial counts on a surface such that they are at a safe level

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10
Q

The suffix ‘cide’ means?

A

An agent that kills microbes

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11
Q

A bacterial agent kills…?

A

Bacteria

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12
Q

The suffix ‘static’ means?

A

An agent that stops the growth of microbes

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13
Q

A bacteriostatic agent stops…?

A

the bacteria from reproducing (holds bacteria numbers constant)

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14
Q

What does it mean when an area is asepsis (aseptic)

A

An area is free of significant contamination

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15
Q

Modern surgical technique occurs ______ in order to minimize infection from operating personal, instruments and the patient

A

Aseptically

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16
Q

How does heat control microbial growth?

A

Kills microbes by destroying their fundamental enzymes

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17
Q

Moist heat is very effective at destroying what kind of bonds?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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18
Q

Boiling for 5 minutes would do what to pathogens? Viruses? Endospores? Would it be considered disinfecting?

A

Pathogens- Kill most
Viruses- Kill most
Endospores- Does not kill
Accomplishing disinfection

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19
Q

An autoclave can only be used for things that…?

A

Can handle high heat

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20
Q

How does an autoclave work?

A

Uses 15psi of press and 121 degree of steam

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21
Q

Does an autoclave kill endospores? What about other organisms?

A

Yes in 15 minutes, kills all other organisms

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22
Q

What is the best method for sterilization?

A

An autoclave

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23
Q

What are some examples of real life uses for autoclaves

A
  1. Culture media

2. Hospital Instruments

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24
Q

For an autoclave to be affective what must work?

A

All liquids must reach 121 degrees and all physical surfaces must be exposed to steam

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25
Q

What does pasteurization do?

A

Eliminates pathogens and reduces microbial counts in order to slow spoilage

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26
Q

What is the classic pasteurization treatment?

A

63 degrees for 30 minutes

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27
Q

What are two alternative pasteurization treatments?

A

High temp in short time (HTST)

Ultra-high temperature (UHT)

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28
Q

What is the treatment for HTST? UHT?

A

HTST- 72 degree for 15 seconds

UHT- 140 degree for 3 seconds

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29
Q

What is the most common pasteurization technique called?

A

high temperature in short time

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30
Q

What type of pasteurization technique does the item not need to be refrigerated anymore?

A

UHT

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31
Q

Dry Heat Sterilization kills via….?

A

oxidation

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32
Q

What is direct flame sterilization used for?

A

In microbio laboratory to sterilize inoculation needs and loops

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33
Q

What way of sterilization is the most effective for sterilizing and disposing of contaminated materials?

A

Incineration

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34
Q

What is the procedure for hot air sterilization? How hot for how long?

A

In a drying oven, materials must be kept at 170 degrees for two hours to ensure sterilization

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35
Q

What type of materials can be sterilized in a hot air sterilizer?

A

Dry materials not temperature sensitive. e.g.. glassware, dry chemicals sensitive to moisture

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36
Q

How does filtration work for sterilization?

A

Vacuum is used to force liquid through a filter with very small pores

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37
Q

How does filtration keep bacteria out?

A

Pores are too small for bacteria to pass through

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38
Q

What type of material would filtration be used for?

A

To sterilize temperature sensitive liquids (antibiotics, enzymes, some vaccines and culture media)

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39
Q

Bacteria are not able to pass through filtration but what is?

A

Viruses because they are much smaller

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40
Q

Air filtration uses what type of filters?

A

High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA)

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41
Q

Where is air filtration used?

A

Some operating rooms and rooms of burn victims

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42
Q

Does low temperature kill all bacteria?

A

No

43
Q

Are low temps bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bacteriostatic

44
Q

Is high pressure bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bactericidal

45
Q

How does high pressure work to kill bacteria?

A

Liquid suspicions are treated with high pressure. The pressure disturbs protein/molecular structure

46
Q

Does high pressure kill all bacteria?

A

Most

47
Q

Does high pressure kill endospores?

A

No because its not sterilization

48
Q

Is desiccation bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bacteriostatic- used to control microbial growth

49
Q

What does desiccation do to microbes? Why doesn’t it kill them?

A

Removes the water. Does not kill microbes because they can remain viable for 6 years without water

50
Q

How is osmotic pressure used to kill bacteria?

A

High concentrations of salts and sugars are used to create a hypertonic environment, therefore bacterial cell will dehydrate and shrivel

51
Q

Does osmotic pressure kill all bacteria?

A

Some (both bacteriostatic and bactericidal)

52
Q

What is more resistant to osmotic pressure?

A

Molds and yeast

53
Q

How does radiation effect DNA

A

It destroys it

54
Q

Can microwaves kill microorganisms directly?

A

No, there is not a high enough energy

55
Q

What is sterilization?

A

Reducing microbial level counts to a safe level

56
Q

How are disinfectants evaluated for effectiveness?

A

The disk diffusion method

57
Q

How does the disk diffusion method work?

A
  1. A disk of filter paper is soaked in a chemical disinfectant
  2. Disk is placed on agar plate that has already been inoculated with bacteria
  3. Chemical will diffuse form the paper to the plate
  4. The plate is incubated until the inoculated bacteria grow
  5. The zone of clearance around the bacteria is used to determine the effectiveness of the disinfectant
58
Q

What do phenolics and bisphenols do to a bacteria?

A

Disrupts the plasma membranes and denatures proteins

59
Q

Are phenolics and bisphenols bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bactericidal

60
Q

How effective are phenolics and bisphenols?How long do they stay active for?

A

Very effective and remain active long after application

61
Q

What type of surfaces are phenolics and bisphenols used to disinfect?

A

Those that are contaminated with saliva, pus and feces

62
Q

What is an example of a phenolic

A

Lysol

63
Q

What are two examples of bisphenols and what are they used for?

A
  1. Hexachlorophene- useful against bacteria that cause skin infections in newborns (to disinfect nurseries)
  2. Triclosan- used in some personal hygiene products and cosmetics
64
Q

How do biguanides work for sterilization?

A

attacks the plasma membrane

65
Q

What are two things that biguanides are used for?

A

Control microbes on the skin and mucous membrane

Used in surgical hang scrubs

66
Q

Is biguanides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bactericidal

67
Q

How long can biguanides last?

A

up to 6 hours

68
Q

What does biguanides kill/ not kill?

A

Only kills enveloped viruses.
Does not kill non enveloped or endospores
Mycobacteria are also very resistant

69
Q

What are two examples of halogens?

A

Chlorine and Iodine

70
Q

What do halogens do to sterilize?

A

Impair protein synthesis and alter membranes

71
Q

What does chlorine destroy, what type of strong agent is it?

A

Strong oxidizing agent, destroys enzymes

72
Q

What are two ways in which iodine is available?

A

Tincture or iodophore

73
Q

What is a tincture?

A

in a solution in aqueous alcohol

74
Q

What is an iodophore?

A

A combination of iodine and an organic molecule

75
Q

What is an example of an iodine and what is it used for?

A

Betadine- used as an antiseptic on skin

76
Q

What does alcohol do to a bacteria?

A

Denatures proteins and disrupts liquid membranes

77
Q

What does alcohol kill? What can it not kill?

A

Kills Bacteria and fungi

Does not kill- endospores and non enveloped viruses

78
Q

What is the most effective type of alcohol?

A

Ethanol 70%

79
Q

What are the two most common alcohols used?

A

Ethanol and Isopropanol (rubbing alcohol)

80
Q

What do heavy metals do for microbes?

A

They can inhibit microbes

81
Q

What is silver nitrate (1%) used for? What is an example?

A

As an antiseptic

Eyedrops for newborns to protect against gonorrhoea of the eye

82
Q

What is silver sulfadiazine used for?

A

Topical cream for burns

83
Q

What can silver ions be used for?

A

Can be incorporated into dressings and catheters to prevent hospital acquired infections

84
Q

What can copper sulphite be used for?

A

To destroy green algae that lives in swimming pools and fish tanks

85
Q

What type of metal has been used in mouth washes?

A

Zinc Chloride

86
Q

Do soap and detergents work as antiseptics?

A

No, they work as a surface agent

87
Q

How do soap and detergents work for removing microbes?

A

Soap breaks up oil that is present on skin and the water washes the oil and debris away

88
Q

What is a good determining agent?

A

Soap and water

89
Q

What do Quaternary Ammonium Compounds do? What type of detergent are they?

A

Cationic detergents

Kill most bacteria, fungi and some viruses

90
Q

What does Quaternary Ammonium Compounds not kill?

A

Endospores and mycobacterium

91
Q

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds are less effective against ______ than _______

A

gram negative, gram postive

92
Q

What does Quaternary Ammonium Compounds do to the bacteria to kill it?

A

Effects the plasma membrane

93
Q

What is an example of a Quaternary Ammonium Compound?

A

Cepecol: used as a mouthwash

94
Q

What can survive and thrive in Quaternary Ammonium Compounds?

A

Pseudomonas (thrive on the weak)

95
Q

What is a gaseous chemosterilizer? Example?

A

Chemical gases used for sterilization

Ethylene Oxide

96
Q

What does chemosterilizers do to affect the bacteria?

A

Denatures proteins

97
Q

Are chemosterilizers bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bactericidal

98
Q

What can chemosterilizers kill?

A

All microbes including endospores and viruses

99
Q

How long does chemosterilization take? What can it be used to sterilize?

A

4-18 hours

Sterilize disponible hospital equipment and lab supplies

100
Q

What do oxidizing agents do to the bacteria?

A

Oxidize (take away electrons) and denatures proteins

101
Q

What type of organisms can oxidizing agents be useful for?

A

Anaerobic organisms

102
Q

What are 3 examples of oxidizing agents and what are they used for?

A
  1. Hydrogen peroxide- common antiseptic for wounds
  2. Ozone- used with chlorine to disinfect water
  3. Benzoyl Peroxide- used as an antiseptic on skin
103
Q

How does benzoyl peroxide work? example?

A

Kill anaerobic bacteria living in tissues

Ex. bacteria that cause once

Microbiology (16 decks)

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